{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:53:12Z","timestamp":1789685592021,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease marked by inflammation and joint damage. Anthocyanins, such as those from purple sweet potato are known for their anti-inflammatory effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated purple sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPA) therapeutic potential in RA using Human RA cells (MH7A) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat models. Rats were divided into control, CIA model, and three PSPA treatment groups (10, 20, 40 mg\/kg) for 14 days. Meanwhile, exosomes were extracted from MH7A cells and loaded with PSPA, then co-incubated with inflammatory cells to observe the targeting capability of the drug-loaded exosomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PSPA significantly reduced joint swelling and structural damage in CIA rats, with the highest dose (40 mg\/kg) reducing tissue hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration. PSPA also altered the gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria like\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Molecular analysis showed reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and rheumatoid factor (RF). In MH7A cells, PSPA decreased inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b1, IL-6, IL-18), inhibited cell proliferation (IC50 = 1.43 \u03bcg\/mL), and induced apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9. PSPA also restored the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway, reversing the suppression seen in CIA models, particularly at 40 mg\/kg. Flow cytometry and microscopy confirmed dose-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle modulation. Meanwhile the PSPA-loaded exosomes demonstrated a high targeting capability toward inflammatory cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that PSPA can alleviate RA symptoms by reducing inflammation, modulating gut microbiota, and promoting apoptosis in synovial fibroblasts, with exosome-encapsulated anthocyanins enhancing its targeting efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1559874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:10:52Z","timestamp":1749427852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["RETRACTED: Extraction of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato: evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects in a rheumatoid arthritis animal model, mechanistic studies on inflammatory cells, and development of exosome-based delivery for enhanced targeting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingjian","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taigu, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"College of Medicine, Jiaxing University","place":["Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taigu, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cailiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taigu, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanrui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life 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