{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:07:35Z","timestamp":1793815655346,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with a history of tuberculosis (TB) treatment are at a higher risk of experiencing a recurrent episode of the disease. Previous cross-sectional studies identified a connection between dysbiosis (alterations) in the gut microbiota composition and the administration of first-line TB antibiotics. However, these studies have not successfully elucidated this dysbiosis\u2019s resulting metabolic and immune consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a longitudinal assessment, we studied the antituberculosis drug-related changes in the gut microbiota\u2019s composition and the resulting functional consequences. Sputum for TB culture, peripheral blood for metabolomics and cytokines analysis, and stool for shotgun metagenomics were collected from TB participants at Month-0, Month-2, Month-6 of treatment, and 9 Months after treatment (Month-15). Healthy controls were sampled at Month-0 and Month-6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found notable differences in gut microbiota between individuals with TB and healthy controls. While gut microbiota tended to resemble healthy controls at the end of TB treatment, significant differences for many taxa persisted up to Month-15. Concurrently, disturbances in plasma metabolites, including tryptophan, tricarboxylic acids, and cytokine levels were observed. Certain fatty acids associated with inflammation pathways negatively correlated with the abundance of several taxa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed alterations in the gut microbiota composition and function during treatment and at Month-15. Numerous changes in bacterial taxa abundances and inflammation-linked metabolites did not reverse at Month-15. This study suggests potential influences of anti-TB drugs and the gut microbiome on the disease outcome, response to treatment, and resistance to future TB infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1561459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:37:59Z","timestamp":1747186679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolic and immune consequences of antibiotic related microbiome alterations during first-line tuberculosis treatment in Bamako, Mali"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dramane","family":"Diallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anou M.","family":"Somboro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bocar","family":"Baya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Kon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassirou","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Nantoum\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Koloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou","family":"Diakite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Holl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almoustapha Issiaka","family":"Maiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Seydi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Theron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoudou","family":"Maiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00350","article-title":"Immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis: A narrative review","volume":"7","author":"de Martino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_146_15","article-title":"Host genetics and tuberculosis: Theory of genetic polymorphism and tuberculosis","volume":"36","author":"Aravindan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw376","article-title":"Official american thoracic society\/centers for disease control and prevention\/infectious diseases society of america clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis","volume":"63","author":"Nahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0286-2","article-title":"Longitudinal profiling reveals a persistent intestinal dysbiosis triggered by conventional anti-tuberculosis therapy","volume":"5","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064898","article-title":"Tuberculosis recurrence after completion treatment in a European city: reinfection or relapse","volume":"8","author":"Millet","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200409-1200OC","article-title":"Rate of reinfection tuberculosis after successful treatment is higher than rate of new tuberculosis","volume":"171","author":"Verver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0981-9","article-title":"Longitudinal profiling of gut microbiome among tuberculosis patients under anti-tuberculosis treatment in China: protocol of a prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. 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