{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T21:04:12Z","timestamp":1778706252446,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, joint injury, and deformity in the limbs. This disease is widely distributed, with a large number of patients, and there is a possibility of further increasing the number of patients in the current aging society. RA can cause complications in multiple systems, many of which can seriously affect patients\u2019 quality of life and even significantly increase the risk of death. The unclear mechanism of RA makes it difficult to achieve accurate prediction and treatment of its complications. Therefore, this article provides an overview of the research progress on the common or extensively studied complications of RA, such as joint injury, interstitial lung disease, vasculitis, osteoporosis, Sjogren's syndrome, malignant tumors, etc. It identifies the problems and shortcomings in research and proposes some suggestions for future measures, in order to raise awareness among medical professionals and the public about actively controlling these complications and provide some assistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1561926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:24:35Z","timestamp":1748323475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Research progress on complications of rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zedongfang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Run-tian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhisheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2103726","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis - common origins, divergent mechanisms","volume":"388","author":"Gravallese","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070856","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"384","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2106970","article-title":"Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: genetic and environmental influences","volume":"18","author":"Venetsanopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Joint damage and disability in rheumatoid arthritis: an updated systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Scott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2019.1593576","article-title":"The correlation between interleukin-34 and bone erosion under ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-011-0116-3","article-title":"Pathogenesis of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"59","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2004.12.009","article-title":"The fibroblast-like synovialcell in rheumatoid arthritis: a key player in inflammation and joint destruction","volume":"115","author":"Mor","year":"2005","journal-title":"ClinImmunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.079830","article-title":"Amplifying elements of arthritis and joint destruction","author":"van den Berg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann RheumDis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04326-4","article-title":"Conventional radiography of the hands and wrists in rheumatoid arthritis. What a rheumatologist should know and how to interpret the radiological findings","volume":"39","author":"Drosos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1476849","article-title":"The role of imaging in early diagnosis and prevention of joint damage in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136611","article-title":"Serological and progression differences of joint destruction in the wrist and the feet in rheumatoid arthritis - A cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Hamamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-017-0848-1","article-title":"Effects of denosumab treatment on bone mineral density and joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200198","article-title":"Rituximab abrogates joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis","volume":"71","author":"Boumans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-6354-13-S1-S4","article-title":"Structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: traditional views, novel insights gained from TNF blockade, and concepts for the future","author":"Schett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.03253","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis-associated bone erosions: evolving insights and promising therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1114","article-title":"Cathepsin K inhibitors for osteoporosis: biology, potential clinical utility, and lessons learned","volume":"38","author":"Drake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084093","article-title":"Joint-preserving surgery for forefoot deformities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A literature review","volume":"18","author":"Yano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.06.020","article-title":"Prevalence of airway and parenchymal abnormalities in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"106","author":"Wilsher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210011","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0011-2021","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management","volume":"30","author":"Kadura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318289ce01","article-title":"Extraarticular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis in a multiethnic cohort of predominantly Hispanic and Asian patients","volume":"92","author":"Richman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27405","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study","volume":"62","author":"Bongartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05320-z","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis and management","volume":"40","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4078\/jrd.2022.29.2.61","article-title":"Recent advances in basic and clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung diseases","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1905524","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis related interstitial lung disease","volume":"17","author":"Manfredi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0875-x","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a velcro sound detector (VECTOR) for interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients: the InSPIRAtE validation study (INterStitial pneumonia in rheumatoid ArThritis with an electronic device)","volume":"19","author":"Manfredi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0670-0","article-title":"Velcro-type\u201d crackles predict specific radiologic features of fibrotic interstitial lung disease","volume":"18","author":"Sgalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-019-00727-z","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in elderly rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"37","author":"Messina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076800","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"24","author":"Mena-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42640","article-title":"Identification, monitoring, and management of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"75","author":"Koduri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02586-9","article-title":"The role of lung ultrasound B-lines and serum KL-6 in the screening and follow-up of rheumatoid arthritis patients for an identification of interstitial lung disease: review of the literature, proposal for a preliminary algorithm, and clinical application to cases","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1782218","article-title":"Overview of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease and its treatment","volume":"45","author":"Pugashetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103056","article-title":"Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"21","author":"Akiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05227-9","article-title":"Non-anti-TNF biologic agents are associated with slower worsening of interstitial lung disease secondary to rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Mena-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908681","article-title":"Nintedanib in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases","volume":"381","author":"Flaherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2016.1173816","article-title":"Efficacy of intensive immunosuppression in exacerbated rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"27","author":"Ota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2014.01.858","article-title":"Survival and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease after lung transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Yazdani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0667-3","article-title":"Rheumatoid vasculitis: A diminishing yet devastating menace","volume":"19","author":"Kishore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket326","article-title":"Systemic rheumatoid vasculitis in the era of modern immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"53","author":"Ntatsaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103391","article-title":"Rheumatoid vasculitis in 2023: Changes and challenges since the biologics era","volume":"22","author":"Mertz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1837","article-title":"The impact of HLA-DRB1 genes on extra-articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Turesson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(06)04","article-title":"The role of KIR2DL3\/HLA-C*0802 in Brazilian patients with rheumatoid vasculitis","volume":"70","author":"Nishimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Association of HLA-DRB5*01 with protection against cutaneous manifestations of rheumatoid vasculitis in Brazilian patients","volume":"52","author":"Nishimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Reumatol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00738-4","article-title":"The role of neutrophils in rheumatic disease-associated vascular inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22208","article-title":"Increased serum levels of soluble fractalkine (CX3CL1) correlate with disease activity in rheumatoid vasculitis","volume":"54","author":"Matsunawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04933.x","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological spectrum of cutaneous vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"147","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381114","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy with necrotizing vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. A clinicopathologic and prognostic study of thirty-two patients","volume":"38","author":"Pu\u00e9chal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.12.1245","article-title":"Peripheral ulcerative keratitis \u2018corneal melt\u2019 and rheumatoid arthritis: a case series","volume":"38","author":"Squirrell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2005.04.001","article-title":"Scleritis","volume":"50","author":"Okhravi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket475","article-title":"Vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study","volume":"53","author":"Makol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90654-5","article-title":"Intravenous cyclophosphamide plus methylprednisolone in treatment of systemic rheumatoid vasculitis","volume":"76","author":"Scott","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.5.407","article-title":"Diagnostic strategy for the assessment of rheumatoid vasculitis","volume":"62","author":"Voskuyl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.181397","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for systemic rheumatoid vasculitis: indications, outcomes, and adverse events","volume":"47","author":"Coffey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Clinical experience with combination disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy with cyclosporine","volume":"17","author":"Johns","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B54","article-title":"Rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis-associated cutaneous ulcers","volume":"28","author":"Assmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.083584","article-title":"Infliximab efficacy and safety against refractory systemic necrotising vasculitides: long-term follow-up of 15 patients","volume":"67","author":"Josselin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.10.1126","article-title":"Efficacy of the anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab against refractory systemic vasculitides: an open pilot study on 10 patients","volume":"41","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000789","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fractures in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Wysham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200003)43:3<522::AID-ANR7>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Bone mineral density and frequency of osteoporosis in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from 394 patients in the Oslo County Rheumatoid Arthritis register","volume":"43","author":"Haugeberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23611","article-title":"Incidence and risk of glucocorticoid-associated adverse effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu162","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical prediction of osteoporosis in a contemporary cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"53","author":"Hauser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-024-06932-5","article-title":"The interplay of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis: exploring the pathogenesis and pharmacological approaches","volume":"43","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1003::AID-ANR179>3.0.CO;2-","article-title":"Activated human T cells directly induce osteoclastogenesis from human monocytes: possible role of T cells in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"44","author":"Kotake","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13188","article-title":"Immune-bone interplay in the structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"194","author":"Komatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B64","article-title":"Identification of cell types responsible for bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"152","author":"Gravallese","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R58","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1923","article-title":"Decrease in expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 5 in synovial tissue of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Bramlage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1495-8","article-title":"Alendronate is more effective than elcatonin in improving pain and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"22","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0919-9","article-title":"Spinal curvature and postural balance in patients with osteoporosis","volume":"20","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.14-2-187","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fracture risk in older people","volume":"14","author":"Coughlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"197","article-title":"Diagnostic value of vitamin D status and bone turnover markers in rheumatoid arthritis complicated by osteoporosis","volume":"48","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-019-00714-4","article-title":"Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A review of the literature and practical guide","volume":"36","author":"Raterman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1787381","article-title":"Osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an update in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and fracture prevention","volume":"21","author":"Raterman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3769-2","article-title":"Biologic therapies and bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Zerbini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110913","article-title":"A novel drug combination of Tofacitinib and Iguratimod alleviates rheumatoid arthritis and secondary osteoporosis","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IntImmunopharmacol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102735","article-title":"Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Conforti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e369","article-title":"The prevalence of sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis patients and their clinical features","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"B76","article-title":"Secondary sjogren\u2019s syndrome in 83 patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Hajiabbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298447","article-title":"Potential mechanisms and drug prediction of Rheumatoid Arthritis and primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: A public databases-based study","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220066","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome shared megakaryocyte expansion in peripheral blood","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.554","article-title":"Classification criteria for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group","volume":"61","author":"Vitali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2136-3498","article-title":"Das Sj\u00f6gren-Syndrom im Fokus [Focus on Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome - Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"149","author":"Zehrfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39859","article-title":"2016 American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism classification criteria for primary sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A consensus and data-Driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts","volume":"69","author":"Shiboski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2021.2001930","article-title":"Serum CCL28 as a biomarker for diagnosis and evaluation of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roac011","article-title":"Abatacept ameliorates both glandular and extraglandular involvements in patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome associated with rheumatoid arthritis: Findings from an open-label, multicentre, 1-year, prospective study: The ROSE (Rheumatoid Arthritis with Orencia Trial Toward Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome Endocrinopathy) and ROSE II trials","volume":"33","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115597765","article-title":"Potential therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and sj\u00f6gren syndrome with human chorionic gonadotropin","volume":"23","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01135-3","article-title":"Update on the pathophysiology and treatment of primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Baldini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae006","article-title":"Million Women Study Collaborators. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk in the Million Women Study","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024 [published correction appears in CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 Mar-Apr;74(2):203. doi: 10.3322\/caac.21830","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2525","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and lymphoma: Incidence, pathogenesis, biology, and outcome","volume":"36","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.10.006","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of lung cancer: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21675","article-title":"Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Baecklund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/EdBook_AM.2013.33.359","article-title":"Tobacco and lung cancer: risks, trends, and outcomes in patients with cancer","volume":"33","author":"Warren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096487","article-title":"Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"69","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030700","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease associated with lung cancer: a case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Gibiot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.05.75","article-title":"Lung cancer and interstitial lung disease: a literature review","volume":"10","author":"Naccache","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2020.05.003","article-title":"Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Pundole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2019-0722","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying rheumatoid arthritis and cancer development and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Morand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jtim-2016-0011","article-title":"A little help from steroids in oncology","volume":"4","author":"Lossignol","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Transl Int Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.79.0006","article-title":"Impact of baseline steroids on efficacy of programmed cell death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"36","author":"Arbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2017(06)09","article-title":"Perioperative management of drugs commonly used in patients with rheumatic diseases: a review","volume":"72","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.6.954","article-title":"Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids","volume":"11","author":"Stuck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000601","article-title":"Arthritis risk with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer","volume":"31","author":"Pundole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1036","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and implications","volume":"361","author":"England","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20240313","DOI":"10.36660\/abc.20240313","article-title":"The Frequency of Cardiovascular Diseases in Rheumatoid Arthritis in Brazil: 10-year Cohort Study with DATASUS Databases. A Frequ\u00eancia de Doen\u00e7as Cardiovasculares na Artrite Reumatoide no Brasil: Estudo de Coorte de 10 Anos com Bancos de Dados do DATASUS","volume":"122","author":"Gamarski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190619143842","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis and mechanistic links: from pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"18","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000486","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Sanghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102776","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: Extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities","volume":"20","author":"Figus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2016.07.006","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04691-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using carotid ultrasound B-mode imaging","volume":"40","author":"Jamthikar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2018.01.008","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance characterization of myocardial and vascular function in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"60","author":"Ntusi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2023-1078","article-title":"Circulating interleukin 17A and other inflammatory proteins may predict cardiovascular disease in early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"51","author":"Rydell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115336","article-title":"High-throughput quantitation of serological dimethylarginines by LC\/MS\/MS: Potential cardiovascular biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"232","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm BioMed Anal"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab447","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway: an emerging target for cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis and myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"42","author":"Baldini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031942","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in immune regulation with translational and clinical applications","volume":"25","author":"Ga\u00e1l","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43293-0","article-title":"Small molecule regulators of microRNAs identified by high-throughput screen coupled with high-throughput sequencing","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11060704","article-title":"Therapeutic editing of the TP53 gene: is CRISPR\/cas9 an option","volume":"11","author":"Mirgayazova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031337","article-title":"Genome editing using CRISPR-cas9 and autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111592","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Sarsenova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-000935","article-title":"Serious infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis compared with non-inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a US national cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40737","article-title":"Adoptive treg cell therapy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Dall\u2019Era","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-223952","article-title":"Treatment of a patient with severe systemic sclerosis (SSc) using CD19-targeted CAR T cells","volume":"82","author":"Bergmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217844","article-title":"In vitro elimination of autoreactive B cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients by universal chimeric antigen receptor T cells","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100643","article-title":"CD8+ T cells expressing an HLA-DR1 chimeric antigen receptor target autoimmune CD4+ T cells in an antigen-specific manner and inhibit the development of autoimmune arthritis","volume":"208","author":"Whittington","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6756","article-title":"Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease","volume":"353","author":"Ellebrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1561926\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:24:38Z","timestamp":1748323478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1561926\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1561926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1561926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"article-number":"1561926"}}