{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:43:15Z","timestamp":1792176195717,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis (DM), also called anti-MDA5+ syndrome, or clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM), is characterized by extra-muscular DM manifestations such as skin rash, arthralgia, and rapid progressive-interstitial lung disease. Between 2020 and 2024, an increase in serum titer of anti-MDA5 autoantibodies (AABs) and MDA5+ DM cases was registered among the general population. Given the role of MDA5 as a viral-RNA sensor, it is considered a key molecule in rheumatological disorders, as studies show its activity is triggered by viral infection. Here, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting an unambiguous temporal link between SARS-CoV-2 infections and development of MDA5+ DM. The aim was to clarify our understanding of this idiopathic rheumatic nature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review meets Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). The Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect were searched using appropriate keywords to identify relevant studies published from 2020\u20132025. Twenty-nine studies concerning the development of MDA5+ DM in COVID-19 patients, as well as molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and pharmaceutical treatments were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-MDA5 antibodies have been detected in patients with COVID-19, as well as in sera from post-COVID patients, and their presence correlates positively with disease severity. The onset of MDA5+ DM, in different phenotypic variants, increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, paralleled by an increase in the incidence of juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (JIIM). The literature here reported shows that MDA5+ DM arises after primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, which could stimulate an antiviral pathway overactivation, leading to innate and adaptive immune cells recruiting, cytokine storm, and synthesis of autoantibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review provides evidence for a link between primary SARS-CoV-2 infections, anti-MDA5 AABs synthesis and emergence of MDA5+ DM in phenotypically different variants such as MIP-C, driven by the virus\u2019s inclination to trigger type-I interferonopathy in genetically predisposed individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:uri>, identifier 1129317.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T05:33:39Z","timestamp":1756791219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis following SARS-COV-2 infections: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Lattarulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Centrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Chironna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020400","article-title":"Persistent SARS-coV-2 infection, EBV, HHV-6 and other factors may contribute to inflammation and autoimmunity in long COVID","volume":"15","author":"Vojdani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.747116","article-title":"COVID-19 disease and dermatomyositis: a mini-review","volume":"12","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00006-1","article-title":"Outcomes with and without outpatient SARS-CoV-2 treatment for patients with COVID-19 and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154886","article-title":"The intersection of COVID-19 and autoimmunity","volume":"131","author":"Knight","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36120","article-title":"Autoimmune and autoinflammatory connective tissue disorders following COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.645013","article-title":"Autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations associated with COVID-19 in adults: an updated systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(02)00021-9","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: an overview of recent progress with emphasis on dermatologic aspects","volume":"20","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08822-5","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in anti-MDA5+ positive dermatomyositis","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24621","article-title":"RNA helicase encoded by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 is a major autoantigen in patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: Association with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease","volume":"60","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.10.005","article-title":"239th ENMC international workshop: classification of dermatomyositis, amsterdam, the Netherlands, 14\u201316 december 2018","volume":"30","author":"Mammen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009727","article-title":"Different phenotypes in dermatomyositis associated with anti-MDA5+ antibody: Study of 121 cases","volume":"95","author":"Allenbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01023-9","article-title":"COVID-19 and myositis: what we know so far","volume":"23","author":"Saud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01054-9","article-title":"Anti-MDA5+ antibody-positive dermatomyositis: pathogenesis and clinical progress","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001202","article-title":"Seasonal and residential clustering at disease onset of anti-MDA5+-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"6","author":"Nishina","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.100486","article-title":"Clinical presentation and evaluation of dermatomyositis","volume":"57","author":"Marvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-022-00271-1","article-title":"COVID-19 as a putative trigger of anti-MDA5+-associated dermatomyositis with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring lung transplantation, a case report","volume":"6","author":"Anderle","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.08.007","article-title":"A balancing act: MDA5+ in antiviral immunity and autoinflammation","volume":"27","author":"Dias Junior","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.791348","article-title":"Presence of anti-MDA5+ antibody and its value for the clinical assessment in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105136","article-title":"MDA5+-autoimmunity and interstitial pneumonitis contemporaneous with the COVID-19 pandemic (MIP-C)","volume":"104","author":"David","year":"2024","journal-title":"eBiomedicine"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab371","article-title":"Antiviral proinflammatory phenotype of monocytes in anti-MDA5+ antibody-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"61","author":"Gono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.12.005","article-title":"Tools to support the automation of systematic reviews: a scoping review","volume":"144","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25509-3","article-title":"New-onset IgG autoantibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac017","article-title":"Persistent autoimmune activation and proinflammatory state in post-coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome","volume":"225","author":"Acosta-Ampudia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122800","article-title":"Increased risk of myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies after COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination: A Spanish multicenter collaborative study","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Bravo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2400033","article-title":"Mild primary or breakthrough SARS-coV-2 infection promotes autoantibody production in individuals with and without neuro-PASC","volume":"8","author":"Visvabharathy","year":"2024","journal-title":"ImmunoHorizons"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36686-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines decouple antiviral immunity from humoral autoimmunity","volume":"14","author":"Jaycox","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03184-8","article-title":"Paradoxical sex-specific patterns of autoantibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2024-0108","article-title":"Patient perspectives of the manifestations and treatment of anti-MDA5+ antibody-positive dermatomyositis: an observational survey","volume":"51","author":"Kaniecki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac450","article-title":"Time-dependent changes in RPILD and mortality risk in anti-MDA5+ DM patients: a cohort study of 272 cases in China","volume":"62","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928861","article-title":"Myocardial involvement is not rare in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis\/clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.765140","article-title":"ECG changes through immunosuppressive therapy indicate cardiac abnormality in anti-MDA5+ antibody-positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis","volume":"12","author":"Matsuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-023-00861-4","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the clinical presentation of juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"21","author":"Perfetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92940-3","article-title":"The RNA sensor MDA5+ detects SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Sampaio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108628","article-title":"MDA5+ governs the innate immune response to SARS-coV-2 in lung epithelial cells","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.09.008","article-title":"Ordered assembly of the cytosolic RNA-sensing MDA5+-MAVS signaling complex via binding to unanchored K63-linked poly-ubiquitin chains","volume":"54","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503865","article-title":"USP8-governed MDA5+ homeostasis promotes innate immunity and autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0004","article-title":"Association between COVID-19 severity and expression of viral nucleic acid sensor genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells","volume":"111","author":"Ghoreshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1249844","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling and longitudinal study reveal the relationship of anti-MDA5+ titer and type I IFN signature in MDA5+ dermatomyositis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1197493","article-title":"Deciphering the crosstalk of immune dysregulation between COVID-19 and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313070121","article-title":"Autoimmunity against melanoma differentiation\u2013associated gene 5 induces interstitial lung disease mimicking dermatomyositis in mice","volume":"121","author":"Ichimura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead597","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of peripheral immune response in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 dermatomyositis","volume":"63","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.353557","article-title":"Neutrophils express distinct RNA receptors in a non-canonical way","volume":"287","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70226","article-title":"Monocyte-macrophage dynamics as key in disparate lung and peripheral immune responses in severe anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141772","article-title":"Baricitinib restrains the immune dysregulation in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"130","author":"Bronte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137273","article-title":"Baricitinib and pulse steroids combination treatment in hyperinflammatory COVID-19: A rheumatological approach in the intensive care unit","volume":"25","author":"Ferro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080738","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors and coronavirus disease (COVID)-19: rationale, clinical evidence and safety issues","volume":"14","author":"Gatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05551-2","article-title":"Baricitinib for anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease: a case series and literature review on Janus kinase inhibitors for the disease","volume":"44","author":"Harada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-021-00225-z","article-title":"Macrophage activation syndrome in MDA5+ antibody-positive dermatomyositis and COVID-19 infection","volume":"5","author":"Keshtkarjahromi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37897\/RJR.2022.3.6","article-title":"Therapeutic options in refractory anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"31","author":"Juganaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Romanian J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jewd.jewd_36_22","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, an initiator or a trigger","volume":"20","author":"Suparna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Egypt Women\u2019s Dermatol Soc"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"Calcinosis cutis in the course of systemic sclerosis overlapped by anti-MDA5+ positive dermatomyositis: a case report","volume":"28","author":"Stepien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alergia Astma Immunologia"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S266134172372001X","article-title":"Managing a case of refractory anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-associated dermatomyositis with recent COVID-19 infection","volume":"23","author":"Man Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62547\/XGJS9690","article-title":"A child with COVID-19 complicated by rapidly progressive severe organizing pneumonia: A case report","volume":"83","author":"Lau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hawaii J Health Soc Welf"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2024.102103","article-title":"A case of microscopic polyangiitis with interstitial pneumonia after coronavirus disease-2019 infection, evidenced by positivity for multiple autoantibodies","volume":"51","author":"Arai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.81584","article-title":"Slowly progressive melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5) interstitial lung disease following COVID-19 infections: A pulmonary puzzle","volume":"17","author":"Armstrong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2024.102072","article-title":"Asymptomatic and slowly progressive anti-MDA5+ ILD: A report of three cases deviating from a notoriously rapidly progressive ILD","volume":"51","author":"Puthumana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06670-0","article-title":"Incident autoimmune diseases in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a matched cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Tesch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00146-4","article-title":"Blood transcriptional biomarkers of acute viral infection for detection of pre-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nested, case-control diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34145-4","article-title":"Single-cell profiling reveals distinct adaptive immune hallmarks in MDA5+ dermatomyositis with therapeutic implications","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00570-w","article-title":"COVID-19 and myositis; true dermatomyositis or prolonged post viral myositis","volume":"19","author":"Movahedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081108","article-title":"Anti-MDA5+ amyopathic dermatomyositis-A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge","volume":"12","author":"Bobirca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.057","article-title":"Mortality risk prediction in amyopathic dermatomyositis associated with interstitial lung disease: the FLAIR model","volume":"8","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217522","article-title":"Antibodies against immunogenic epitopes with high sequence identity to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with autoimmune dermatomyositis","volume":"79","author":"Megremis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-04819-1","article-title":"Understanding and managing anti-MDA 5 dermatomyositis, including potential COVID-19 mimicry","volume":"41","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040687","article-title":"Dysregulated levels of circulating autoantibodies against neuronal and nervous system autoantigens in COVID-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Lavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102154","article-title":"Risk of autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 and the potential protective effect from vaccination: a population-based cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-022-05149-6","article-title":"Anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case-based review","volume":"42","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03328-4","article-title":"Autoimmunity is a hallmark of post-COVID syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Rojas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbac056","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac056","article-title":"CRESSP: a comprehensive pipeline for prediction of immunopathogenic SARS-CoV-2 epitopes using structural properties of proteins","volume":"23","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Briefings Bioinf"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565803\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T12:25:07Z","timestamp":1758025507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565803\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565803","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"article-number":"1565803"}}