{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T07:45:51Z","timestamp":1775202351007,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a global health challenge, causing severe morbidity and mortality, particularly in vulnerable groups such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and those with comorbidities. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), vaccine access is hindered by high costs and inequitable distribution. To tackle these issues, Mexico developed the AVX\/COVID-12 (V-Wu) vaccine, a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-based platform expressing a stabilized ancestral Wuhan spike protein (HexaPro-S). Locally manufactured after rigorous testing and regulatory approval, V-Wu aims to enhance self-sufficiency and equity in immunization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates an updated vaccine version, AVX\/COVID-12 (V-BA), designed to combat Omicron subvariants by expressing the HexaPro-S protein of BA.2.75.2. Both vaccines were administered intramuscularly in K18-hACE2 transgenic and BALB\/c mouse models using a prime-boost regimen. Immunogenicity was analyzed by measuring antibodies against Omicron S proteins BA.2.75.2 and XBB.1.5, as well as neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan, BA.1, XBB.1.16, and JN.1 variants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both vaccines were safe, eliciting robust antibody responses against Omicron S proteins and neutralizing antibodies against multiple emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). V-BA demonstrated superior protection against current Omicron variants, while V-Wu offered broader coverage, including the ancestral Wuhan strain and emerging variants like JN.1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the adaptability of NDV-based platforms in addressing the evolving SARS-CoV-2 landscape and reaffirm the ongoing utility of the ancestral Patria vaccine. Together, they demonstrate the potential of these platforms to drive the development of next-generation vaccines tailored to emerging viral threats, contributing to global health equity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1747617326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Addressing SARS-CoV-2 evolution: neutralization of emerging variants of concern by the AVX\/COVID-12 \u2018Patria\u2019 vaccine based on HexaPro-S ancestral Wuhan spike or its updated BA.2.75.2 version"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gregorio","family":"Carballo-Uicab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Mellado-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juana","family":"Salinas-Trujano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivette","family":"Mendoza-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"L\u00f3pez-Olvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keyla M.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma. 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