{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:58:56Z","timestamp":1794020336361,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>To investigate the gut microbiota in children with varying degrees of idiopathic short stature (ISS) and to examine the relationship between their intestinal microbiota and lifestyle factors, including diet, exercise, medication, sleep, and psychological state.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>A retrospective study involving 58 ISS children was conducted from May to October 2022. Lifestyle data were collected using questionnaires. Fecal samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess microbiota diversity and composition. LEfSe analysis identified differential bacterial communities between ISS-2SD and ISS-3SD groups (LDA score \u2265 2.5). Spearman correlation analysis explored the relationship between microbiota diversity, dominant taxa, and lifestyle factors, visualized in a heatmap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>No significant differences in alpha diversity of intestinal microbiota were observed among children with varying degrees of short stature at the ISS, but differences were noted in the dominant microbiota. The ISS-2SD group had Leptotrichiaceae<\/jats:italic> and Sneathia<\/jats:italic> as predominant members, whereas the ISS-3SD group was dominated by Lachnoclostridium<\/jats:italic>, Thermous_scotoductus<\/jats:italic> and Thermoles.<\/jats:italic> Correlation analysis revealed that microbiota diversity was linked to diet, especially legume consumption (Shannon index: r=0.372, P<\/jats:italic>=0.004; Simpson index: r=0.379, P<\/jats:italic>=0.003). At the genus level, Prevotella<\/jats:italic> was positively correlated with beverage intake (r=0.262, P<\/jats:italic>=0.047) and sleep quality (r=0.324, P<\/jats:italic>=0.013), while Ezakiella<\/jats:italic> was negatively correlated with meat intake (r=-0.297, P<\/jats:italic>=0.024), Other genera exhibited significant correlations with diet, exercise, and sleep.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Children with varying degrees of short stature exhibited differences in their dominant intestinal microbiota. Diet, exercise, and sleep appear to be significant factors influencing these microbial changes in ISS children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1566722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T04:10:37Z","timestamp":1754021437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The critical role of diet, exercise, and sleep in shaping the gut microbiota of children with idiopathic short stature: a Retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4008\/jcrpe.v1i3.53","article-title":"Controversies in the definition and treatment of idiopathic short stature (ISS)","volume":"1","author":"Pedicelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Res In Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020538","article-title":"Emotional and behavioural adjustment in children and adolescents with short stature vs. Their normal-statured peers","volume":"14","author":"Guerrini Usubini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000232159","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with growth hormone deficiency or idiopathic short stature - part 2: available results and future directions","volume":"72","author":"Bullinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hormone Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153953","article-title":"Associations between psychological problems and quality of life in pediatric short stature from patients\u2019 and parents\u2019 Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Quitmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.720419","article-title":"Short and long-term effects of growth hormone in children and adolescents with GH deficiency","volume":"12","author":"Ranke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front In Endocrinol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03140-4","article-title":"Impact of different growth hormone levels on gut microbiota and metabolism in short stature","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04944-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolic changes in children with idiopathic short stature","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343337","article-title":"Children with idiopathic short stature have significantly different gut microbiota than their normal height siblings: a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Lazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front In Endocrinol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.890200","article-title":"Characteristics of gut microbiome and its metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, in children with idiopathic short stature","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front In Endocrinol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00399.2020","article-title":"Dynamics of the preterm gut microbiome in health and disease","volume":"320","author":"Cuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81257-w","article-title":"Analysis of global human gut metagenomes shows that metabolic resilience potential for short-chain fatty acid production is strongly influenced by lifestyle","volume":"11","author":"Jacobson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540","article-title":"A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins","volume":"457","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245399","article-title":"Gut microbiota profile of Indonesian stunted children and children with normal nutritional status","volume":"16","author":"Surono","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2024.27.3.137","article-title":"Stunting and gut microbiota: A literature review","volume":"27","author":"Hardjo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterology Hepatol Nutr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.663325","article-title":"Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A ameliorates abnormal voriconazole metabolism accompanied with the inhibition of TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front In Pharmacol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2024.00024","article-title":"Astragalus Polysaccharide Enhances Voriconazole Metabolism under Inflammatory Conditions through the Gut Microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Trans Hepatol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04569-1","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota with enriched pro-inflammatory species in children with idiopathic short stature: a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019002064","article-title":"Reliability and validity of an FFQ for South American children and adolescents from the SAYCARE study","volume":"23","author":"Rendo-Urteaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22114","article-title":"Development of a food frequency questionnaire for assessing dietary intake in children and adolescents in south america","volume":"1","author":"Saravia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring Md.) 26 Suppl"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01037-z","article-title":"2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5-17\u2009years: summary of the evidence","volume":"17","author":"Chaput","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"uysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00011","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study","volume":"38","author":"Birmaher","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1292377","article-title":"Inspecting mother-to-infant microbiota transmission: disturbance of strain inheritance by cesarian section","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front In Microbiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01071-12","article-title":"Selection for Cu-tolerant bacterial communities with altered composition, but unaltered richness, via long-term Cu exposure","volume":"78","author":"Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-013-1410-9","article-title":"Bacterial diversity in Greenlandic soils as affected by potato cropping and inorganic versus organic fertilization","volume":"37","author":"Michelsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinf (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1709.09027","article-title":"Deciphering diversity indices for a better understanding of microbial communities","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.3390\/e23081046","article-title":"A review of shannon and differential entropy rate estimation","volume":"23","author":"Feutrill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entropy (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7577","article-title":"An index for measuring functional extension and evenness in trait space","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.06.09","article-title":"Signatures within esophageal microbiota with progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.065","article-title":"Childhood development and the microbiome-the intestinal microbiota in maintenance of health and development of disease during childhood development","volume":"160","author":"Ronan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1149","article-title":"Characteristics of DNA polymerase I from an extreme thermophile, Thermus scotoductus strain K1","volume":"10","author":"Saghatelyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"De Filippo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.118","article-title":"Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402506c","article-title":"Impact of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich dietary sources on gut microbiota composition","volume":"61","author":"Etxeberria","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01068-4","article-title":"The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Ross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309957","article-title":"High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome","volume":"65","author":"De Filippis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123541","article-title":"The mutual effect of dietary fiber and polyphenol on gut microbiota: Implications for the metabolic and microbial modulation and associated health benefits","volume":"358","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polymers"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020554","article-title":"The influences of soybean agglutinin and functional oligosaccharides on the intestinal tract of monogastric animals","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.66","article-title":"Gut microbiome diversity and high-fibre intake are related to lower long-term weight gain","volume":"41","author":"Menni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Obes (2005)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Rinninella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16504","article-title":"Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations","volume":"529","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0189-7","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of intestinal microbial diversity and distinct metagenomic functions","volume":"4","author":"Estaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00353-w","article-title":"The athletic gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Mohr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.06.003","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health","volume":"16","author":"Miquel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin In Microbiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306541","article-title":"Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.637010","article-title":"Interplay between exercise and gut microbiome in the context of human health and performance","volume":"8","author":"Clauss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front In Nutr"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222394","article-title":"Gut microbiome diversity is associated with sleep physiology in humans","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.10.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals","volume":"5","author":"Benedict","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.027","article-title":"Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis","volume":"277","author":"O\u2019Mahony","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2025.112599","article-title":"From Gut to Brain: The roles of intestinal microbiota, immune system, and hormones in intestinal physiology and gut-brain-axis","volume":"607","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101340","article-title":"Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota","volume":"53","author":"Matenchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2190306","article-title":"Shorter sleep time relates to lower human defensin 5 secretion and compositional disturbance of the intestinal microbiota accompanied by decreased short-chain fatty acid production","volume":"15","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"84","article-title":"Exercise and immune system as modulators of intestinal microbiome: implications for the gut-muscle axis hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exercise Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001083","article-title":"Linking the child behavior checklist to the strengths and difficulties questionnaire","volume":"34","author":"Mansolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"psychol Assess"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1870402","article-title":"Association between antibiotics and gut microbiome dysbiosis in children: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"McDonnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1566722\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T04:10:38Z","timestamp":1754021438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1566722\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1566722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1566722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"article-number":"1566722"}}