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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helminthic host defense peptides (HDP) are pleiotropic, multifunctional effector molecules of helminth immunity, efficient against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Among them, anisaxin-2S (A-2S), membranolytic cecropin-like HDPs produced by the zoonotic nematodes of the genus <jats:italic>Anisakis<\/jats:italic>, shows remarkable efficacy even against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, yet its immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antiviral properties have not been elucidated. Therefore, we tested A-2S immunomodulation in the common carp (<jats:italic>Cyprinus carpio<\/jats:italic>) blood cells exposed to two pathogens, the zoonotic bacterium <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic> and the fish parasite <jats:italic>Sphaerospora molnari<\/jats:italic>, and in carp <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> challenged with the parasite. Furthermore, the A-2S antiproliferative activity was tested <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> in human bladder and lung cancer cell line, while the antiviral protection was tested in common carp brain cell culture exposed to carp rhabdovirus, alloherpesvirus and paramyxovirus, and in a human immortalized myelogenous leukemia cell line infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus. A-2S exerts an immunostimulatory effect on fish blood cells through upregulation of cytokine expression, with the proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory repertoire conditioned by the presence or absence of co-stimulatory antigen. Surprisingly, in the majority of assays conducted, red blood cells demonstrate equal or even stronger regulation of innate immunity genes compared to white blood cells, along with a more extensive repertoire of differentially expressed markers. In contrast, A-2S has only a limited anticancer activity in human bladder cancer and lung adenocarcinoma cells and limited antiviral activity against the three fish viruses and a human tick-borne encephalitis virus. This study provides the first evidence of red blood cell and platelet immunomodulation by an antimicrobial peptide and highlights the induction of a cytokine repertoire. However, future research should address the study\u2019s limitations, including the need for longer <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> assays (e.g., 3\u20134 days), testing different white blood cell lineages, to better understand antigen-processing interactions, and evaluating the anticipated adaptive immune response. Powerful antimicrobial activity of A-2S, coupled with immunostimulatory properties, warrant further pursuing of preclinical trials with this anisaxin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T04:10:30Z","timestamp":1746418230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cecropin anisaxin-2S has in vitro immunomodulatory, but not antiproliferative and antiviral 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