{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:30:57Z","timestamp":1789525857764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial infections continue to pose a serious threat to global health, especially with the growing challenge of multidrug-resistant pathogens. While traditional vaccines have been pivotal in reducing disease burden, they come with limitations such as variable efficacy, safety concerns, and limited ability to address the diversity of bacterial strains. This review highlights the promise of peptide-based vaccines as an innovative approach to overcoming these hurdles. By targeting specific regions of bacterial proteins, peptide vaccines can elicit precise immune responses with improved safety and broader applicability. Advances in technology, including bioinformatics and delivery systems, have enhanced their design, making them more stable, effective, and easier to produce. These vaccines work by activating both antibody and T-cell responses through well-defined mechanisms. Different types, such as linear peptides, cyclic peptides, and synthetic long peptides, offer diverse strategies to tailor immune protection. The role of adjuvants and advanced delivery methods, like nanoparticles and liposomes, further improve their potential. Exciting progress has been made against the ESKAPE pathogens \u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Peptide vaccines offer a forward-thinking, adaptable solution to reduce bacterial infections and mitigate the rise of antibiotic resistance, paving the way for safer and more effective prevention strategies. This review underscores the critical role of peptide-based vaccines in combating bacterial infections, advocating for ongoing research to unlock their full potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:10:37Z","timestamp":1747786237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Peptide vaccines: an innovative therapeutic approach against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Tavassoli Razavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atena","family":"Emami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariush","family":"Haghmorad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Baharlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.02.013","article-title":"mRNA vaccine platforms to prevent bacterial infections","volume":"30","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","article-title":"Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Ikuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710583","article-title":"The great masquerader: tuberculosis presenting as community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Dheda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2017.06.025","article-title":"Bacterial etiology of lower respiratory tract infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"354","author":"Uzoamaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-00949-8","article-title":"Best practices for identifying hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections using administrative data: a systematic literature review of validation studies","volume":"13","author":"Hanquet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00474-2","article-title":"Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge","volume":"387","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216941","article-title":"Bacterial infectious disease control by vaccine development","volume":"110","author":"Curtiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin investigation"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-05969-z","article-title":"Live attenuated vaccines in patients receiving immunosuppressive agents","volume":"38","author":"Kamei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54254\/2753-8818\/6\/20230193","article-title":"The advantages and disadvantages of different types of vaccines: DNA vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and inactivated vaccine","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor Nat Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1332939","article-title":"The next-generation DNA vaccine platforms and delivery systems: Advances, challenges and prospects","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1042\/BA20000034","article-title":"Design and production of recombinant subunit vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Hansson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechnol Appl Biochem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011379","article-title":"Vaccination is an integral strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance","volume":"19","author":"Mullins","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014the need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect diseases"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1369264","article-title":"Editorial: Synergistic combinatorial treatments to overcome antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"Garza-Cervantes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infection Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00080","article-title":"Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: an update on therapeutic options","volume":"10","author":"Sheu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front microbiology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003001","article-title":"Vaccines: from empirical development to rational design","volume":"8","author":"Rueckert","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS pathogens"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev microbiology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.11.004","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus toxins","volume":"17","author":"Otto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin microbiology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.3.581-611.2004","article-title":"Phase and antigenic variation in bacteria","volume":"17","author":"Van Der Woude","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.10.012","article-title":"Recurrent infections and immune evasion strategies of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin microbiology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70278-7","article-title":"The thiol oxidoreductase ERp57 is a component of the MHC class I peptide-loading complex","volume":"8","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC03892H","article-title":"Peptide-based synthetic vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Skwarczynski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-023-05175-6","article-title":"Immunoinformatics-aided design of a new multi-epitope vaccine adjuvanted with domain 4 of pneumolysin against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains","volume":"24","author":"Shafaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1072685","article-title":"Cell penetrating peptide: A potent delivery system in vaccine development","volume":"13","author":"Hasannejad-Asl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02224","article-title":"Nanoparticle vaccines against infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"Pati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00472","article-title":"Peptide-based vaccines: current progress and future challenges","volume":"120","author":"Malonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00363","article-title":"Cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by MHC class I in dendritic cell subsets","volume":"6","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00292","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II proteins: conformational plasticity in antigen presentation","volume":"8","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830497","article-title":"Peptide-based vaccines for tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.954936","article-title":"Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells","volume":"13","author":"Rastogi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-022-10478-y","article-title":"A review: The antiviral activity of cyclic peptides","volume":"29","author":"Chia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.7b00755","article-title":"Immobilization by surface conjugation of cyclic peptides for effective mimicry of the HCV-envelope E2 protein as a strategy toward synthetic vaccines","volume":"29","author":"Meuleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300103","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202300103","article-title":"Epitopes displayed in a cyclic peptide scaffold bind SARS-COV-2 antibodies","volume":"24","author":"Eriksson","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264700","article-title":"Epitope-based peptide vaccine design and elucidation of novel compounds against 3C like protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"17","author":"Sajid","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00700-x","article-title":"Identification and selection of immunodominant B and T cell epitopes for dengue multi-epitope-based vaccine","volume":"210","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.04.009","article-title":"Development of a multi-epitope peptide vaccine inducing robust T cell responses against brucellosis using immunoinformatics based approaches","volume":"51","author":"Saadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection Genet Evolution"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2024.110804","article-title":"Multi-epitopevaccines, from design to expression; an in silico approach","volume":"85","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaf055","article-title":"Advances of computational methods enhance the development of multi-epitope vaccines","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00623-5","article-title":"Immunoinformatics-aided rational design of multiepitope-based peptide vaccine (MEBV) targeting human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) stable proteins","volume":"21","author":"Hossen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127969","article-title":"Synthetic long peptide influenza vaccine containing conserved T and B cell epitopes reduces viral load in lungs of mice and ferrets","volume":"10","author":"Rosendahl Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343324","article-title":"Dendritic cells process synthetic long peptides better than whole protein, improving antigen presentation and T-cell activation","volume":"43","author":"Rosalia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0607","article-title":"Enhancement of peptide vaccine immunogenicity by increasing lymphatic drainage and boosting serum stability","volume":"6","author":"Moynihan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02874","article-title":"Adjuvants enhancing cross-presentation by dendritic cells: the key to more effective vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.08.003","article-title":"Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity","volume":"100","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.27332","article-title":"Recent progress in adjuvant discovery for peptide-based subunit vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Azmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060441","article-title":"Current progress in the science of novel adjuvant nano-vaccine-induced protective immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Saleemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.701504","article-title":"Peptide-enabled targeted delivery systems for therapeutic applications","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioengineering Biotechnol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1201693","article-title":"Exploring the variables influencing the immune response of traditional and innovative glycoconjugate vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Micoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.223","article-title":"Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials","volume":"2","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat nanotechnology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01086-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles and its impact on the efficacy of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciae619","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae619","article-title":"Immune response to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is reduced in infants immunized during the respiratory viral season","author":"Dagan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.26109","article-title":"Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: characteristics, development, and clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"Pichichero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum vaccines immunotherapeutics"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091038","article-title":"Development of a Conserved Chimeric Vaccine for Induction of Strong Immune Response against Staphylococcus aureus Using Immunoinformatics Approaches","volume":"9","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00622-6","article-title":"Mapping of conserved immunodominant epitope peptides in the outer membrane porin (Omp) L of prominent Enterobacteriaceae pathogens associated with gastrointestinal infections","volume":"21","author":"Kolla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1271143","article-title":"A new candidate epitope-based vaccine against PspA PhtD of Streptococcus pneumoniae: a computational experimental approach","volume":"13","author":"Shafaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infection Microbiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128924","article-title":"Design, development, and assessment of a novel multi-peptide vaccine targeting PspC, PsaA, and PhtD proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae","author":"Bahadori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol macromolecules"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201022666201231112029","article-title":"Production and immunological evaluation of epitope-based preventative pneumococcal candidate vaccine comprising immunodominant epitopes from pspA, cbpA, phtD and piuA antigens","volume":"22","author":"Dorosti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00604-8","article-title":"In silico design of an epitope-based vaccine against PspC in Streptococcus pneumoniae using reverse vaccinology","volume":"21","author":"Nahian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.076","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal protein vaccine candidates: monovalent choline-binding protein A (PcpA) vaccine and bivalent PcpA-pneumococcal histidine triad protein D vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Bologa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.078","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent recombinant PcpA, PhtD, and PlyD1 pneumococcal protein vaccine in adults, toddlers, and infants: A phase I randomized controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00807-13","article-title":"Randomized controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccine formulations containing PhtD and detoxified pneumolysin with alum or adjuvant system AS02V in elderly adults","volume":"21","author":"Pauksens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.09.076","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal protein-based vaccine co-administered with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media in young children: A phase IIb randomized study","volume":"37","author":"Hammitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105171","article-title":"B and T cell epitope-based peptides predicted from clumping factor protein of Staphylococcus aureus as vaccine targets","volume":"160","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbial pathogenesis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.09.004","article-title":"A novel peptide isolated from phage library to substitute a complex system for a vaccine against staphylococci infection","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04102-7","article-title":"Protection of mice vaccinated with a new B cell and T cell epitopes cocktail from staphylococcus aureus challenge in skin infection model","volume":"82","author":"Solyman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Microbiology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.12.010","article-title":"Immunoinformatics analysis and in silico designing of a novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"48","author":"Hajighahramani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.v36.4","article-title":"An immunoinformatics and structural vaccinology study to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"36","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mol Recognit"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104389","article-title":"Designing multi-epitope vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus by employing subtractive proteomics, reverse vaccinology and immuno-informatics approaches","volume":"132","author":"Tahir Ul Qamar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2022.113264","article-title":"In silico designed Staphylococcus aureus B-cell multi-epitope vaccine did not elicit antibodies against target antigens suggesting multi-domain approach","volume":"504","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.07.047","article-title":"The safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant five-antigen Staphylococcus aureus vaccine among patients undergoing elective surgery for closed fractures: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.34407","article-title":"Mortality among recipients of the Merck V710 Staphylococcus aureus vaccine after postoperative S. aureus infections: an analysis of possible contributing host factors","volume":"10","author":"McNeely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2792-z","article-title":"Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of IC43 recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine in mechanically ventilated intensive care patients\u2014a randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Adlbrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1601-9","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled phase II study of a Pseudomonas vaccine in ventilated ICU patients","volume":"21","author":"Rello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.26565","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled phase I study assessing the safety and immunogenicity of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa hybrid outer membrane protein OprF\/I vaccine (IC43) in healthy volunteers","volume":"10","author":"Westritschnig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum vaccines immunotherapeutics"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2009.00825.x","article-title":"Advantages of a synthetic peptide immunogen over a protein immunogen in the development of an anti-pilus vaccine for Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"74","author":"Kao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2010.01021.x","article-title":"Synthetic peptide vaccine development: designing dual epitopes into a single pilin peptide immunogen generates antibody cross-reactivity between two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"76","author":"Hackbarth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbae401","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae401","article-title":"A computational approach to developing a multi-epitope vaccine for combating Pseudomonas aeruginosa\u2013induced pneumonia and sepsis","volume":"25","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Briefings Bioinf"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9475058","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9475058","article-title":"Design of Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase Protein Using Immunoinformatics","volume":"2020","author":"Elhag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-022-00495-z","article-title":"Designing a novel multi-epitope vaccine to evoke a robust immune response against pathogenic multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacterium","volume":"14","author":"Dey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Pathogens"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152221","article-title":"Pan genome based reverse vaccinology approach to explore Enterococcus faecium (VRE) strains for identification of novel multi-epitopes vaccine candidate","volume":"227","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116611","article-title":"A rational designed multi-epitope vaccine elicited robust protective efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae lung infection","volume":"174","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6434-6444.2001","article-title":"Targeting of nasal mucosa-associated antigen-presenting cells in vivo with an outer membrane protein A derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"69","author":"Goetsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.025","article-title":"Immunoinformatics and molecular docking studies reveal a novel Multi-Epitope peptide vaccine against pneumonia infection","volume":"39","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-023-01371-0","article-title":"Finding epitopes of Klebsiella pneumoniae outer membrane protein-K17 (OMPK17) and introducing a 25-mer peptide of it as a vaccine candidate","author":"Ranjbarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol (Bratisl)"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-021-10247-3","article-title":"Detecting the dominant T and B epitopes of klebsiella pneumoniae ferric enterobactin protein (FepA) and introducing a single epitopic peptide as vaccine candidate","volume":"27","author":"Nemati Zargaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2019.20052","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a multi-epitope assembly peptide vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mice","volume":"149","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Swiss Med weekly"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.884555","article-title":"A short peptide of autotransporter ata is a promising protective antigen for vaccination against acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2018.04.020","article-title":"A novel approach of virulome based reverse vaccinology for exploring and validating peptide-based vaccine candidates against the most troublesome nosocomial pathogen: Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"83","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Graph Model"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2022.113325","article-title":"Immunoinformatics-guided designing of epitope-based subunit vaccine from Pilus assembly protein of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria","volume":"508","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03355-23","article-title":"Prediction of post-PCV13 pneumococcal evolution using invasive disease data enhanced by inverse-invasiveness weighting","volume":"15","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1985353","article-title":"Epidemiology of non-vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after universal administration of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.11.020","article-title":"Beyond the polysaccharide and glycoconjugate vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae: Does protein\/peptide nanovaccines hold promises","volume":"41","author":"Chandpa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010076","article-title":"Biofilm producing methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in humans: clinical implications and management","volume":"13","author":"Kaushik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.705360","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus vaccine research and development: the past, present and future, including novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"12","author":"Clegg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftad016","article-title":"Immunotherapies for the prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections: updates and challenges","volume":"81","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00072-5","article-title":"Clinical study to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF-OprI vaccine in burn patients","volume":"37","author":"Mansouri","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0871","article-title":"Interaction of the receptor binding domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pili strains PAK, PAO, KB7 and P1 to a cross-reactive antibody and receptor analog: implications for synthetic vaccine design","volume":"267","author":"Campbell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008311319998","article-title":"Backbone dynamics of a bacterially expressed peptide from the receptor binding domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilin strain PAK from heteronuclear 1H-15N NMR spectroscopy","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomol NMR"},{"key":"B99","article-title":"Resistance in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infectious disease clinics of North America","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"2020"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39966-5","article-title":"Molecular basis of \u03b2-lactam antibiotic resistance of ESKAPE bacterium E. faecium Penicillin Binding Protein PBP5","volume":"14","author":"Hunashal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Communications"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00686-3","article-title":"Genomic insights into the evolution and mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae co-harboring blaKPC and blaNDM: implications for public health threat mitigation","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2024.03.003","article-title":"Healthcare-associated carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections are associated with higher mortality compared to carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae infections in the intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"148","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107380","article-title":"Identification of novel vaccine candidates against carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A systematic reverse proteomic approach","volume":"89","author":"Mehmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Biol Chem"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.716627","article-title":"Multidrug resistant acinetobacter baumannii biofilms: evaluation of phenotypic\u2013genotypic association and susceptibility to cinnamic and gallic acids","volume":"12","author":"Sherif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00348-24","article-title":"Unveiling the role of adhesin proteins in controlling Acinetobacter baumannii infections: a systematic review","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection Immun"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.684823","article-title":"Immunodominance of epitopes and protective efficacy of HI antigen are differentially altered using different adjuvants in a mouse model of staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666290","article-title":"Peptides-based vaccine MP3RT induced protective immunity against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a humanized mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894989","DOI":"10.3389\/978-2-88976-146-3","article-title":"Research, development and clinical trials for peptide-based vaccines","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Media SA;"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100022","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R120.002309","article-title":"The peptide vaccine of the future","volume":"20","author":"Nelde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.621706","article-title":"Immunoinformatics design of multi-epitope peptide based vaccines against Schistosoma mansoni using transmembrane proteins a target","volume":"12","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.883989","article-title":"The importance of being presented: target validation by immunopeptidomics for epitope-specific immunotherapies","volume":"13","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00910-1","article-title":"Landscape and selection of vaccine epitopes in SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2014.05.007","article-title":"Vaccine instability in the cold chain: mechanisms, analysis and formulation strategies","volume":"42","author":"Kumru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-024-10620-y","article-title":"Stability of multi-peptide vaccines in conditions enabling accessibility in limited resource settings","volume":"30","author":"Ashkani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003144533","article-title":"Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models: Design, Synthesis, Purification and Characterization","author":"Karahan","year":"2021"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA07204D","article-title":"Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC advances"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00713-3","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis of epitope-based vaccine design against the novel SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis poverty"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248061","article-title":"Immuno-informatics design of a multimeric epitope peptide based vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"16","author":"Chukwudozie","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41714","article-title":"Computational epitope-based vaccine design with bioinformatics approach; a review","volume":"11","author":"Basmenj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2024.106998","article-title":"Leveraging artificial intelligence in vaccine development: A narrative review","volume":"224","author":"Olawade","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Microbiological Methods"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.684152","article-title":"A peptide vaccine candidate tailored to individuals\u2019 Genetics mimics the multi-targeted T cell immunity of COVID-19 convalescent subjects","volume":"12","author":"Somogyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051109","article-title":"Virus-like particle vaccines and platforms for vaccine development","volume":"15","author":"Kheirvari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.01.033","article-title":"Polypropylene Sulfide Nanoparticle p24 Vaccine Promotes Dendritic Cell-Mediated Specific Immune Responses against HIV-1","volume":"136","author":"Caucheteux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01703","article-title":"Combinatory therapy antimicrobial peptide-antibiotic to minimize the ongoing rise of resistance","volume":"10","author":"Pizzolato-Cezar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003564","article-title":"Peptidic microarchitecture-trapped tumor vaccine combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor or PI3K\u03b3 inhibitor can enhance immunogenicity and eradicate tumors","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"J ImmunoTherapy Cancer"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00264","article-title":"Novel peptide-based PD1 immunomodulators demonstrate efficacy in infectious disease vaccines and therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Kotraiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567584\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:10:38Z","timestamp":1747786238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567584\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"article-number":"1567584"}}