{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:58:31Z","timestamp":1793663911097,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are heterogeneous autoimmune disorders characterized by muscle inflammation, weakness, and extramuscular manifestations such as interstitial lung disease, skin rash, arthritis, dysphagia, myocarditis and other systemic organ involvement. Although T and B cells have historically been central to the understanding of IIM immunopathology, monocytes and their differentiated progenitor cells, macrophages, are increasingly being recognized as critical mediators of both tissue damage and repair. In subtypes such as dermatomyositis, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and antisynthetase syndrome, macrophages infiltrate skeletal muscle and other affected tissues, contributing to inflammation via production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Dysregulated interferon signaling, mitochondrial stress, and aberrant metabolic states in these cells further perpetuate tissue injury in IIMs. Conversely, certain macrophage subsets can support muscle fiber regeneration and dampen inflammation, underscoring the dual roles these cells can play. Future research into the heterogeneity of monocytes and macrophages, including single-cell transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches, will help clarify disease mechanisms, identify biomarkers of disease activity and prognosis, and guide novel therapeutic strategies targeting these innate immune cells in IIM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:11:10Z","timestamp":1742447470000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The role of monocytes and macrophages in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: insights into pathogenesis and potential targets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shinji","family":"Izuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Komai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Tsuchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keishi","family":"Fujio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00321-x","article-title":"Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-022-05214-0","article-title":"Long-term risks of Malignancy in myositis-specific antibody-positive idiopathic inflammatory myopathy","volume":"43","author":"Izuka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roae009","article-title":"Characteristics of anti-melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis with thrombotic microangiopathy","volume":"34","author":"Ushijima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42989","article-title":"TLR7\/8 activation in immune cells and muscle by RNA-containing immune complexes: Role in inflammation and the pathogenesis of myositis","volume":"77","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42785","article-title":"Prognostic role of interferon-\u03bb3 in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"76","author":"Fukada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42972","article-title":"Muscle tissue transcriptome of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy reflects the muscle damage process by monocytes and presence of skin lesions","volume":"77","author":"Izuka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab371","article-title":"Antiviral proinflammatory phenotype of monocytes in anti-MDA5 antibody-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"61","author":"Gono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0212-z","article-title":"Involvement of the myeloid cell compartment in fibrogenesis and systemic sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Kania","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-258558","article-title":"Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood","volume":"116","author":"Ziegler-Heitbrock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4573","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals new types of human blood dendritic cells, monocytes, and progenitors","volume":"356","author":"Villani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI147719","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals induction of distinct trained-immunity programs in human monocytes","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3712","article-title":"Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny","volume":"14","author":"Guilliams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20088","article-title":"Monocyte\/macrophage differentiation in dermatomyositis and polymyositis","volume":"30","author":"Rostasy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015","article-title":"Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Wynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560629","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/560629","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity in skeletal muscle repair","volume":"2014","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11521","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling of immune cell types in peripheral blood reveals common and specific pathways involved in the pathogenesis of myositis-specific antibody-positive inflammatory myopathies","volume":"5","author":"Sugimori","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-326355","article-title":"Gene expression profiling reveals the defining features of the classical, intermediate, and nonclassical human monocyte subsets","volume":"118","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00086","article-title":"S100A12 expression is modulated during monocyte differentiation and reflects periodontitis severity","volume":"11","author":"Lira-Junior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.756018","article-title":"High-dimensional analysis reveals distinct endotypes in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"13","author":"Wilfong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0114-2","article-title":"Determining cell type abundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry","volume":"37","author":"Newman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1169057","article-title":"Type 1 interferon signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients with different myositis-specific autoantibodies","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead597","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of peripheral immune response in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 dermatomyositis","volume":"63","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.2.164","article-title":"Increased expression of beta-chemokines in muscle of patients with inflammatory myopathies","volume":"59","author":"Confalonieri","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1779","article-title":"Differential expression of chemokines in inflammatory myopathies","volume":"58","author":"De Bleecker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00218-2","article-title":"Expression of IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines in inclusion body myositis","volume":"141","author":"Raju","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq151","article-title":"Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, signified by distinctive peripheral cytokines, chemokines and the TNF family members B-cell activating factor and a proliferation inducing ligand","volume":"49","author":"Szodoray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2004.00591.x","article-title":"Expression of the beta chemokines CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and their receptors in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"31","author":"Civatte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088788","article-title":"Th1 response and systemic treg deficiency in inclusion body myositis","volume":"9","author":"Allenbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9079083","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9079083","article-title":"Role of myokines in myositis pathogenesis and their potential to be new therapeutic targets in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"2020","author":"Mageriu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab625","article-title":"Identification of distinct cytokine\/chemokine profiles in dermatomyositis with anti-transcriptional intermediary factor 1-\u03b3 antibody","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3752-z","article-title":"Serum levels of adipokines in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Loaiza-F\u00e9lix","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.v289.2","article-title":"IL-15 is a biomarker involved in the development of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease complicated with polymyositis\/dermatomyositis","volume":"289","author":"Shimizu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.2018.179.issue-6","article-title":"Measurement of cytokines and chemokines and association with clinical severity of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/em67zx","article-title":"Potential role of type I interferon\/IP-10 axis in the pathogenesis of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"41","author":"Kokuzawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2021.1897611","article-title":"Increased levels of VCAM-1 in Sera and VLA-4 expression on neutrophils in dermatomyositis with interstitial lung disease","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.2019.45.issue-5","article-title":"Histological heterogeneity in a large clinical cohort of juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: analysis by myositis autoantibody and pathological features","volume":"45","author":"Yasin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa739","article-title":"Severe muscle damage with myofiber necrosis and macrophage infiltrates characterize anti-Mi2 positive dermatomyositis","volume":"60","author":"Fornaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013176","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: Muscle pathology according to antibody subtypes","volume":"98","author":"Tanboon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/zq7x68","article-title":"High prevalence of necrotising myopathy pattern in muscle biopsies of patients with anti-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004923","article-title":"Necrosis in anti-SRP+ and anti-HMGCR+myopathies: Role of autoantibodies and complement","volume":"90","author":"Allenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00515-9","article-title":"Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Allenbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B44","article-title":"Features of repeated muscle biopsies and phenotypes of monocytes in paired blood samples and clinical long-term response to treatment in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: a pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2022.101769","article-title":"Management of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in myositis syndromes: A practical guide for clinicians","volume":"36","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-018-0110-6","article-title":"Myositis-related interstitial lung diseases: Diagnostic features, treatment, and complications","volume":"5","author":"Shappley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1214-8","article-title":"Clinical significance of soluble CD163 in polymyositis-related or dermatomyositis-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"19","author":"Enomoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.141307","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of soluble CD163 in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: Associated with macrophage infiltration in muscle tissue","volume":"42","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1408880","article-title":"Immunological characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood across connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung diseases","volume":"15","author":"Hirano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq149","article-title":"Clinical manifestation and prognostic factor in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-associated interstitial lung disease as a complication of dermatomyositis","volume":"49","author":"Gono","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes102","article-title":"Anti-MDA5 antibody, ferritin and IL-18 are useful for the evaluation of response to treatment in interstitial lung disease with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"51","author":"Gono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac094","article-title":"Predictors of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and mortality in patients with autoantibodies against melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 dermatomyositis","volume":"61","author":"So","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01054-9","article-title":"Anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis: pathogenesis and clinical progress","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70226","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70226","article-title":"Monocyte-macrophage dynamics as key in disparate lung and peripheral immune responses in severe anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-11-253815","article-title":"Serum ferritin is derived primarily from macrophages through a nonclassical secretory pathway","volume":"116","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3863","article-title":"Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Ganz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69031-w","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory properties of H-ferritin on human macrophages, ex vivo and in vitro observations","volume":"10","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3600","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context","volume":"14","author":"Hussell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13616","article-title":"Soluble CD206 levels correlate with disease deterioration and predict prognosis of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis related interstitial lung disease","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7948095","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7948095","article-title":"Increased levels of soluble CD206 associated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease in patients with dermatomyositis","volume":"2020","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez185","article-title":"Successful classification of macrophage-mannose receptor CD206 in severity of anti-MDA5 antibody positive dermatomyositis associated ILD","volume":"58","author":"Horiike","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-221168","article-title":"CD206+ macrophages are relevant non-invasive imaging biomarkers and therapeutic targets in experimental lung fibrosis","volume":"79","author":"Pommerolle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13404","article-title":"A high level of serum neopterin is associated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and reduced survival in dermatomyositis","volume":"199","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04457-w","article-title":"Serum YKL-40 level is associated with severity of interstitial lung disease and poor prognosis in dermatomyositis with anti-MDA5 antibody","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181586","article-title":"The contribution of macrophage plasticity to inflammatory arthritis and their potential as therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Kulakova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0777-0","article-title":"Human alveolar macrophages predominately express combined classical M1 and M2 surface markers in steady state","volume":"19","author":"Mitsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02247-1","article-title":"Macrophages in organ fibrosis: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discovery"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06144.x","article-title":"Infiltrating cells, related cytokines and chemokine receptors in lesional skin of patients with dermatomyositis","volume":"151","author":"Caproni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02150.x","article-title":"Type I interferon-associated skin recruitment of CXCR3+ lymphocytes in dermatomyositis","volume":"31","author":"Wenzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008128","article-title":"Identification of distinctive interferon gene signatures in different types of myositis","volume":"93","author":"Pinal-Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42050","article-title":"Identification of similarities between skin lesions in patients with antisynthetase syndrome and skin lesions in patients with dermatomyositis by highly multiplexed imaging mass cytometry","volume":"74","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21099-2","article-title":"Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate T cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38676","article-title":"Correlation of CXCL10, tumor necrosis factor receptor type II, and galectin 9 with disease activity in juvenile dermatomyositis","volume":"66","author":"Bellutti Enders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40881","article-title":"Galectin-9 and CXCL10 as biomarkers for disease activity in juvenile dermatomyositis: A longitudinal cohort study and multicohort validation","volume":"71","author":"Wienke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.628128","article-title":"Aberrantly expressed galectin-9 is involved in the immunopathogenesis of anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7719","article-title":"Regulation of M1\u2212type and M2\u2212type macrophage polarization in RAW264.7 cells by Galectin\u22129","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223469","article-title":"Role of CD14+ monocyte-derived oxidised mitochondrial DNA in the inflammatory interferon type 1 signature in juvenile dermatomyositis","volume":"82","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00614","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms that influence the macrophage M1\u00e2\u20ac\u201dM2 polarization balance","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00707.x","article-title":"Regulation of interferon and Toll-like receptor signaling during macrophage activation by opposing feedforward and feedback inhibition mechanisms","volume":"226","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.2015.266.issue-1","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptor- associated factor 6 (TRAF6) regulation of development, function, and homeostasis of the immune system","volume":"266","author":"Walsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.573326","article-title":"Role of mitochondria in cancer immune evasion and potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"11","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402225","article-title":"Inflammatory muscle diseases","volume":"372","author":"Dalakas","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04638.x","article-title":"Type I interferon induces CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and CCL5 (RANTES) production in human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells","volume":"170","author":"Nakano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.07.004","article-title":"Serum cytokine profiles of patients with interstitial lung disease associated with anti-CADM-140\/MDA5 antibody positive amyopathic dermatomyositis","volume":"109","author":"Takada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17007-8","article-title":"Essential involvement of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via regulation of fibrocyte and M2 macrophage migration","volume":"7","author":"Ishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-024-00422-w","article-title":"Macrophage involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic prospects","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation (Lond)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.05.013","article-title":"Pathogenesis and therapies of immune-mediated myopathies","volume":"11","author":"Dalakas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0426-z","article-title":"Activated dendritic cells modulate proliferation and differentiation of human myoblasts","volume":"9","author":"Ladislau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2018.42","article-title":"Treatment in myositis","volume":"14","author":"Oddis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39395-9","article-title":"Extensive epigenomic integration of the glucocorticoid response in primary human monocytes and in vitro derived macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0371-y","article-title":"Therapeutic glucocorticoids: mechanisms of actions in rheumatic diseases","volume":"16","author":"Hardy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-247106","article-title":"Glucocorticoids promote survival of anti-inflammatory macrophages via stimulation of adenosine receptor A3","volume":"116","author":"Barczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-225371","article-title":"Journey through discovery of 75 years glucocorticoids: evolution of our knowledge of glucocorticoid receptor mechanisms in rheumatic diseases","volume":"83","author":"Eiers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0373-9","article-title":"Methotrexate and its mechanisms of action in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Cronstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109424","article-title":"Tacrolimus ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization via JAK2\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170806","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170806","article-title":"The effect of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid on CD14+ monocyte activation and function","volume":"12","author":"Kannegieter","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000122","article-title":"6-mercaptopurine reduces macrophage activation and gut epithelium proliferation through inhibition of GTPase Rac1","volume":"20","author":"Marinkovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.42.6.659","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide-induced alterations in human monocyte functions","volume":"42","author":"McBride","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.11.010","article-title":"FcgammaRIII-dependent inhibition of interferon-gamma responses mediates suppressive effects of intravenous immune globulin","volume":"26","author":"Park-Min","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23591","article-title":"Modulation of CCR2 in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Vergunst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01265","article-title":"Roles of GM-CSF in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: An update","volume":"10","author":"Lotfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-09-379214","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and antagonists of CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling","volume":"119","author":"Hume","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-017-0634-1","article-title":"CSF-1R inhibitor development: Current clinical status","volume":"19","author":"Peyraud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.11.014","article-title":"Nrf2\/ARE pathway inhibits inflammatory infiltration by macrophage in rats with autoimmune myositis","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.01.009","article-title":"Macrophages, innate immunity and cancer: balance, tolerance, and diversity","volume":"22","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.v125:2","article-title":"Interferon-gamma reverses the immunosuppressive and protumoral properties and prevents the generation of human tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"125","author":"Duluc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198443","article-title":"CD40 agonists alter tumor stroma and show efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma in mice and humans","volume":"331","author":"Beatty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.2018.154.issue-2","article-title":"Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity","volume":"154","author":"Funes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.06.010","article-title":"PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"6","author":"Bouhlel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082778","article-title":"A guide to targeting the endocannabinoid system in drug design","volume":"21","author":"Stasiulewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz040","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury through miR-182-regulated macrophage polarization","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2022.2055478","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate lupus by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and regulatory T cell expansion in MRL\/lpr mice","volume":"51","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-11-611046","article-title":"Endothelial cells suppress monocyte activation through secretion of extracellular vesicles containing antiinflammatory microRNAs","volume":"125","author":"Njock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0356","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells attenuate adipose inflammation and obesity through polarizing M2 macrophages and beiging in white adipose tissue","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-024-01164-7","article-title":"Recent updates on the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies","volume":"26","author":"Musai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49460-1","article-title":"IFN\u03b3 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in myositis","volume":"15","author":"Abad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2270737","article-title":"A comprehensive review of dermatomyositis treatments - from rediscovered classics to promising horizons","volume":"20","author":"Sevim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02365-5","article-title":"A network of core and subtype-specific gene expression programs in myositis","volume":"142","author":"Amici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216599","article-title":"Machine learning algorithms reveal unique gene expression profiles in muscle biopsies from patients with different types of myositis","volume":"79","author":"Pinal-Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key432","article-title":"Janus kinases to jakinibs: from basic insights to clinical practice","volume":"58","author":"Gadina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219012","article-title":"JAK selectivity and the implications for clinical inhibition of pharmacodynamic cytokine signalling by filgotinib, upadacitinib, tofacitinib and baricitinib","volume":"80","author":"Traves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05196-1","article-title":"Macrophage re-programming by JAK inhibitors relies on MAFB","volume":"81","author":"L\u00f3pez-Navarro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key188","article-title":"Tofacitinib for refractory interstitial lung diseases in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated 5 gene antibody-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"57","author":"Kurasawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002795","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002795","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dose escalation of tofacitinib in refractory anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"9","author":"Ida","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mrcr\/rxac049","article-title":"Successful treatment with tofacitinib for relapse of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis","volume":"7","author":"Hama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol Case Rep"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001645","article-title":"A case of refractory interstitial lung disease in anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis that improved after switching to tofacitinib","volume":"27","author":"Hosokawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000984","article-title":"Successful treatment for refractory interstitial lung disease and pneumomediastinum with multidisciplinary therapy including tofacitinib in a patient with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"27","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000002010","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated 5 gene antibody-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1900045","article-title":"Tofacitinib in amyopathic dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"381","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06567-y","article-title":"Tofacitinib for new-onset adult patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated 5 gene antibody positive dermatomyositis","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05551-2","article-title":"Baricitinib for anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease: a case series and literature review on Janus kinase inhibitors for the disease","volume":"44","author":"Harada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912196","article-title":"Trial of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"382","author":"Morand","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13762","article-title":"Modelling myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury with inflammatory response in human ventricular cardiac organoids","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.4744","article-title":"Rapid improvement in recalcitrant cutaneous juvenile dermatomyositis with anifrolumab treatment","volume":"160","author":"Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2023.10.023","article-title":"Refractory dermatomyositis responsive to anifrolumab","volume":"43","author":"Ang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02071-3","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and target engagement of dazukibart, an IFN\u03b2 specific monoclonal antibody, in adults with dermatomyositis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"405","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070852","article-title":"Successful treatment of dermatomyositis and polymyositis with anti-tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha: preliminary observations","volume":"50","author":"Hengstman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh539","article-title":"Advanced refractory polymyositis responding to infliximab","volume":"44","author":"Anandacoomarasamy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.048744","article-title":"Possible role for tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of resistant dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a retrospective study of eight patients","volume":"65","author":"Efthimiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B140","article-title":"Use of etanercept in the treatment of dermatomyositis: a case series","volume":"33","author":"Iannone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22477","article-title":"A randomized, pilot trial of etanercept in dermatomyositis","volume":"70","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh285","article-title":"Refractory adult dermatomyositis with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis treated with infliximab","volume":"43","author":"Selva-O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker152","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of tocilizumab on two patients with polymyositis","volume":"50","author":"Narazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40064","article-title":"2016 American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism criteria for minimal, moderate, and major clinical response in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: An international myositis assessment and clinical studies group\/paediatric rheumatology international trials organisation collaborative initiative","volume":"69","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.077974","article-title":"A high incidence of disease flares in an open pilot study of infliximab in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies","volume":"67","author":"Dastmalchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.10.010","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of infliximab in refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis","volume":"47","author":"Schiffenbauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1370-1","article-title":"Etanercept-induced anti-Jo-1-antibody-positive polymyositis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.142","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor-associated dermatomyositis","volume":"146","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B149","article-title":"Anti-tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy-induced dermatomyositis and fasciitis","volume":"39","author":"Riolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00003","article-title":"Polarization of rheumatoid macrophages by TNF targeting through an IL-10\/STAT3 mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Degbo\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.03.028","article-title":"Modulation of human monocyte\/macrophage activity by tocilizumab, abatacept and etanercept: an in vitro study","volume":"780","author":"Obeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae158","article-title":"Machine learning-driven immunophenotypic stratification of mixed connective tissue disease corroborating the clinical heterogeneity","volume":"64","author":"Izuka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224652","article-title":"Current myositis clinical trials and tribulations","volume":"83","author":"Saygin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2024.100906","article-title":"Digital approaches in myositis","volume":"13","author":"Izuka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2024.119100","article-title":"Risk of atherosclerosis-related diseases in polymyositis and dermatomyositis patients: A large-scale population-based study","volume":"401","author":"Fisher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3520","article-title":"Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2024.2388343","article-title":"Unraveling immune cell heterogeneity in autoimmune arthritis: insights from single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"47","author":"Nakajima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567833\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:11:26Z","timestamp":1742447486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567833\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":157,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"article-number":"1567833"}}