{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:04:41Z","timestamp":1793675081737,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromogranin A (CgA), mostly known as a nonspecific neuroendocrine tumor marker, was the first glycoprotein from the granin family characterized as a prohormone for various bioactive peptides including vasostatin I\/II (VS-I, VS-II), catestatin (CST), chromofungin (CHR), pancreastatin (PST), WE-14, and others. CgA and its derivatives present various functions, often antagonistic, in maintaining body homeostasis and influencing the immune system. This review aims to summarize the not fully understood role of CgA and its derivatives in inflammation, autoimmunity, and infections. CgA seems to be involved in the complex pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and other conditions where immune system dysfunction plays a role in the onset and development of the disease (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or rheumatoid arthritis (RA)). However, the direct immunomodulatory role of CgA is difficult to assess since many of its activities may be linked with its peptides. CST and VS-I are considered anti-inflammatory molecules, due to M2 macrophage polarization stimulation and downregulation of certain proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, PST is reported to stimulate proinflammatory M1 macrophage polarization and Th1 lymphocyte response. Thus, the final effects of CgA in inflammation may depend on its cleavage pattern. Additionally, peptides like CST, VS-I, or CHR exert direct antimicrobial\/antifungal activities. CgA, WE-14, and other less-known CgA-derived peptides have also been reported to trigger autoimmune responses, highly studied in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Overall, CgA and its derivatives have an interesting but complex role in immunity, however, their specific roles require further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:13:43Z","timestamp":1745986423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A complex role of chromogranin A and its peptides in inflammation, autoimmunity, and infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maciej","family":"Maj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Hernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaja","family":"Tyszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Owe-Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Sztokfisz-Ignasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Malejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Janiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7254-0","article-title":"The endocrine role for chromogranin A: a prohormone for peptides with regulatory properties","volume":"64","author":"Helle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Structure and function of chromaffin cells","volume":"30","author":"Blashko","year":"1967","journal-title":"Farmakol Toksikol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i7.1081","article-title":"Role and function of granin proteins in diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Herold","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0027","article-title":"The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications","volume":"32","author":"Bartolomucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01980.x","article-title":"Secretion from the adrenal medulla: biochemical evidence for exocytosis","volume":"31","author":"Schneider","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol Chemother"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1030480","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation of adrenal chromaffin granules on a large scale","volume":"103","author":"Smith","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"The human chromogranin A gene: chromosome assignment and RFLP analysis","volume":"45","author":"Modi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0208-y","article-title":"Chromogranin A: a novel susceptibility gene for essential hypertension","volume":"67","author":"Sahu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2007.01806.x","article-title":"Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II: evolutionary and functional aspects","volume":"192","author":"Montero-Hadjadje","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37462-8","article-title":"Human chromogranin A gene. Molecular cloning, structural analysis, and neuroendocrine cell-specific expression","volume":"269","author":"Mouland","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)45486-5","article-title":"The primary structure of human chromogranin A and pancreastatin","volume":"262","author":"Konecki","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90222-N","article-title":"The chromogranins A and B: the first 25 years and future perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Winkler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(91)90012-K","article-title":"The granin (chromogranin\/secretogranin) family","volume":"16","author":"Huttner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0300433","article-title":"Primary sequence characterization of catestatin intermediates and peptides defines proteolytic cleavage sites utilized for converting chromogranin a into active catestatin secreted from neuroendocrine chromaffin cells","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2440457","article-title":"Proteolytic processing of chromogranin A in purified insulin granules. Formation of a 20 kDa N-terminal fragment (betagranin) by the concerted action of a Ca2+-dependent endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase H (EC 3.4.17.10)","volume":"244","author":"Hutton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1613","article-title":"Cathepsin L colocalizes with chromogranin a in chromaffin vesicles to generate active peptides","volume":"150","author":"Biswas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.v1455.1","article-title":"Chromogranin A and its fragments in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation","volume":"1455","author":"Mahata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7394","article-title":"Processing of chromogranin A by plasmin provides a novel mechanism for regulating catecholamine secretion","volume":"106","author":"Parmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-430314","article-title":"A new chromogranin A-dependent angiogenic switch activated by thrombin","volume":"121","author":"Crippa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111113","article-title":"Catestatin peptide of chromogranin A as a potential new target for several risk factors management in the course of metabolic syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Bourebaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(92)90509-S","article-title":"The vasoinhibitory activity of bovine chromogranin A fragment (vasostatin) and its independence of extracellular calcium in isolated segments of human blood vessels","volume":"41","author":"Aardal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020134","article-title":"Pancreastatin reduces alternatively activated macrophages, disrupts the epithelial homeostasis and aggravates colonic inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Eissa","year":"2021","journal-title":"A Descriptive Analysis Biomedicines"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46837-9_19","article-title":"Vasostatins. Dilators of bovine resistance arteries","volume":"482","author":"Brekke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104670200","article-title":"Structural and biological characterization of chromofungin, the antifungal chromogranin A-(47-66)-derived peptide","volume":"276","author":"Lugardon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.18.11928","article-title":"Phosphorylation and O-glycosylation sites of bovine chromogranin A from adrenal medullary chromaffin granules and their relationship with biological activities","volume":"272","author":"Strub","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/381399","article-title":"Both rare and common polymorphisms contribute functional variation at CHGA, a regulator of catecholamine physiology","volume":"74","author":"Wen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.45.28533","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of glycosylated and phosphorylated chromogranin A-derived peptide 173\u2013194 from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules","volume":"271","author":"Strub","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/324476a0","article-title":"Pancreastatin, a novel pancreatic peptide that inhibits insulin secretion","volume":"324","author":"Tatemoto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119686","article-title":"Novel autocrine feedback control of catecholamine release. A discrete chromogranin a fragment is a noncompetitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist","volume":"100","author":"Mahata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0124","article-title":"Serpinin: a novel chromogranin A-derived, secreted peptide up-regulates protease nexin-1 expression and granule biogenesis in endocrine cells","volume":"25","author":"Koshimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-012-9728-2","article-title":"Chromogranin A and derived peptides in health and disease","volume":"48","author":"Loh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)80266-J","article-title":"Isolation and primary structure of a novel chromogranin A-derived peptide, WE-14, from a human midgut carcinoid tumor","volume":"301","author":"Curry","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4461-9","article-title":"New antimicrobial activity for the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide from chromogranin A","volume":"62","author":"Briolat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.219493","article-title":"The neuropeptide catestatin acts as a novel angiogenic cytokine via a basic fibroblast growth factor-dependent mechanism","volume":"107","author":"Theurl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-023-03252-x","article-title":"Chromogranin A-derived peptides pancreastatin and catestatin: emerging therapeutic target for diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-2027-6","article-title":"Chromogranins: from discovery to current times","volume":"470","author":"Helle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021405","article-title":"The chromogranin\u2013secretogranin family","volume":"348","author":"Taupenot","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Engl J Medicine"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.01.011","article-title":"New insights into granin-derived peptides: evolution and endocrine roles","volume":"164","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad082","article-title":"Vasostatin-2 associates with coronary collateral vessel formation in diabetic patients and promotes angiogenesis via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"44","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003","article-title":"Granin-derived peptides","volume":"154","author":"Troger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0408","article-title":"Pancreastatin: multiple actions on human intermediary metabolism in vivo, variation in disease, and naturally occurring functional genetic polymorphism","volume":"90","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.020636","article-title":"A novel pathway of insulin sensitivity in chromogranin A null mice: a crucial role for pancreastatin in glucose homeostasis","volume":"284","author":"Gayen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1747","article-title":"Pancreastatin-dependent inflammatory signaling mediates obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"64","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0788","article-title":"Catestatin inhibits obesity-induced macrophage infiltration and inflammation in the liver and suppresses hepatic glucose production, leading to improved insulin sensitivity","volume":"67","author":"Ying","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.02.005","article-title":"Catestatin improves insulin sensitivity by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress: In vivo and in silico validation","volume":"18","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-2030-y","article-title":"Circulating chromogranin A and its fragments as diagnostic and prognostic disease markers","volume":"470","author":"Corti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B47","article-title":"Chromogranin A (CgA)\u2013the influence of various factors in vivo and in vitro, and existing disorders on it\u2019s concentration in blood","volume":"61","author":"Glinicki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1750-9","article-title":"Chromogranin A: a paradoxical player in angiogenesis and vascular biology","volume":"72","author":"Helle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.04.012","article-title":"Chromogranin A as a valid marker in oncology: Clinical application or false hopes","volume":"7","author":"Gkolfinopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Methodol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.04.009","article-title":"Chromogranin-A and its derived peptides and their pharmacological effects during intestinal inflammation","volume":"152","author":"Eissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0438-z","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"117","author":"Heneka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.04.012","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on chromogranin A and relationship to N-ANP and inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"127","author":"Larsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20261","article-title":"Interferon-gamma induces neuroendocrine-like differentiation of human prostate basal-epithelial cells","volume":"64","author":"Untergasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.15.5.1033","article-title":"Development of human prostate cancer cells to neuroendocrine-like cells by interleukin-1","volume":"15","author":"Chiao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160390","article-title":"The pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN\u03b3\/TNF\u03b1 increase chromogranin A-positive neuroendocrine cells in the colonic epithelium","volume":"473","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Trejo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.20220909.001","article-title":"Qinghua decoction improves chronic nonbacterial prostatitis possibly regulating the chromogranin A\/nerve growth factor\/tyrosine kinase A signaling pathway mediated by inflammatory factors","volume":"43","author":"Yunpeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(20000215)42:3<186::AID-PROS4>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"STAT3 mediates IL-6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cells","volume":"42","author":"Spiotto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20143","article-title":"Constitutive activation of gp130 leads to neuroendocrine differentiation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"62","author":"Palmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2021.119085","article-title":"AMPK\/SIRT1 signaling through p38MAPK mediates Interleukin-6 induced neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells","volume":"1868","author":"Natani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/A362","article-title":"Neuroendocrine and immune mediators in prostate cancer progression","volume":"3","author":"Hoosein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58338-9_6","article-title":"Chromogranin A in endothelial homeostasis and angiogenesis","volume-title":"Chromogranins: from cell biology to physiology and biomedicine","author":"Curnis","year":"2017"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890802199791","article-title":"Serum concentration of chromogranin A at admission: an early biomarker of severity in critically ill patients","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002295","article-title":"Chromogranin A pathway: from pathogenic molecule to renal disease","volume":"38","author":"Mir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1053\/pcad.2002.24599","article-title":"BNP and congestive heart failure","volume":"44","author":"Cowie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr400199x","article-title":"Activation of neutrophils by the two-component leukotoxin LukE\/D from Staphylococcus aureus: proteomic analysis of the secretions","volume":"12","author":"Aslam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20851","article-title":"Plasma chromogranin a in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Sciola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.124","article-title":"Intestinal neuroendocrine cells and goblet cells are mediators of IL-17A-amplified epithelial IL-17C production in human inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Friedrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2003.01101.x","article-title":"Ratio between serum IL-8 and pepsinogen A\/C: a marker for atrophic body gastritis","volume":"33","author":"Sanduleanu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-017-1613-6","article-title":"Chromogranin-A regulates macrophage function and the apoptotic pathway in murine DSS colitis","volume":"96","author":"Eissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7976","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217976","article-title":"Interdependence between chromogranin-A, alternatively activated macrophages, tight junction proteins and the epithelial functions. A human and in-vivo\/in-vitro descriptive study","volume":"21","author":"Eissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20906","article-title":"Involvement of cathepsin B in the processing and secretion of interleukin-1beta in chromogranin A-stimulated microglia","volume":"58","author":"Terada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.018","article-title":"Differential pathways for interleukin-1\u03b2 production activated by chromogranin A and amyloid \u03b2 in microglia","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0677-12.2012","article-title":"Microglial cathepsin B contributes to the initiation of peripheral inflammation-induced chronic pain","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.23.14339","article-title":"Chromogranin A induces a neurotoxic phenotype in brain microglial cells","volume":"273","author":"Ciesielski-Treska","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)83172-1","article-title":"Chromogranin A triggers a phenotypic transformation and the generation of nitric oxide in brain microglial cells","volume":"72","author":"Taupenot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009711200","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying neuronal death induced by chromogranin A-activated microglia","volume":"276","author":"Ciesielski-Treska","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0608358","article-title":"Circulating chromogranin A reveals extra-articular involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and curbs TNF-alpha-elicited endothelial activation","volume":"85","author":"Di Comite","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04495.x","article-title":"Regulation of endothelial cell shape and barrier function by chromogranin A","volume":"971","author":"Ferrero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0922fje","article-title":"Chromogranin A protects vessels against tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced vascular leakage","volume":"18","author":"Ferrero","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628859","article-title":"Catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (chromogranin A(352-372)): naturally occurring amino acid variant Gly364Ser causes profound changes in human autonomic activity and alters risk for hypertension","volume":"115","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305545200","article-title":"Catecholamine secretory vesicle stimulus-transcription coupling in vivo. Demonstration by a novel transgenic promoter\/photoprotein reporter and inhibition of secretion and transcription by the chromogranin A fragment catestatin","volume":"278","author":"Mahata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02199","article-title":"Catestatin as a target for treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Muntjewerff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.09.007","article-title":"Reprint of: Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A","volume":"165","author":"Mahata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030628","article-title":"Serum catestatin levels and arterial stiffness parameters are increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709105","article-title":"Heritability and genome-wide linkage in US and Australian twins identify novel genomic regions controlling chromogranin a: implications for secretion and blood pressure","volume":"118","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24354","article-title":"Hypertension from targeted ablation of chromogranin A can be rescued by the human ortholog","volume":"115","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.202127","article-title":"Novel peptide isomer strategy for stable inhibition of catecholamine release: application to hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Biswas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16809","article-title":"Immunosuppression of macrophages underlies the cardioprotective effects of CST (Catestatin)","volume":"77","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.001","article-title":"Antihypertensive and neuroprotective effects of catestatin in spontaneously hypertensive rats: interaction with GABAergic transmission in amygdala and brainstem","volume":"270","author":"Avolio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(98)00086-2","article-title":"Mechanism of cardiovascular actions of the chromogranin A fragment catestatin in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Kennedy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.01.006","article-title":"Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A","volume":"162","author":"Mahata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0429","article-title":"Global disturbances in autonomic function yield cardiovascular instability and hypertension in the chromogranin a null mouse","volume":"150","author":"Gayen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1110","article-title":"Chromogranin a and the autonomic system: decomposition of heart rate variability and rescue by its catestatin fragment","volume":"151","author":"Dev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.335877","article-title":"Catestatin (chromogranin A(352-372)) and novel effects on mobilization of fat from adipose tissue through regulation of adrenergic and leptin signaling","volume":"287","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH17-05-0349","article-title":"Catestatin prevents macrophage-driven atherosclerosis but not arterial injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia","volume":"118","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.025","article-title":"Decreased circulating catestatin levels are associated with coronary artery disease: The emerging anti-inflammatory role","volume":"281","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6040067","article-title":"Catestatin regulates epithelial cell dynamics to improve intestinal inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Eissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00985","article-title":"Reactivation of intestinal inflammation is suppressed by catestatin in a murine model of colitis via M1 macrophages and not the gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Rabbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.03.003","article-title":"Catestatin decreases macrophage function in two mouse models of experimental colitis","volume":"89","author":"Rabbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13655","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.v232.2","article-title":"Chromogranin A regulates gut permeability via the antagonistic actions of its proteolytic peptides","volume":"232","author":"Muntjewerff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.997272","article-title":"Research progress in endothelial cell injury and repair","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.09.016","article-title":"Monocyte migration: a novel effect and signaling pathways of catestatin","volume":"598","author":"Egger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3CRA1220-790RR","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory peptide Catestatin blocks chemotaxis","volume":"112","author":"Muntjewerff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03395.x","article-title":"Catestatin, a neuroendocrine antimicrobial peptide, induces human mast cell migration, degranulation and production of cytokines and chemokines","volume":"132","author":"Aung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.109.924050","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in hyperadrenergic hypertension: biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological evidence from targeted ablation of the chromogranin a (Chga) gene","volume":"3","author":"Gayen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107487","article-title":"Cateslytin abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through toll like receptor 4 interaction","volume":"94","author":"Rocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20192236","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20192236","article-title":"Catestatin prevents endothelial inflammation and promotes thrombus resolution in acute pulmonary embolism in mice","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/325301a0","article-title":"Is chromogranin a prohormone","volume":"325","author":"Eiden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170893","article-title":"The immunomodulatory functions of chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin","volume":"158","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119905","article-title":"Pancreastatin induces hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetes by impeding mitochondrial functioning","volume":"284","author":"Reza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108959","article-title":"Pancreastatin inhibitor activates AMPK pathway via GRP78 and ameliorates dexamethasone induced fatty liver disease in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"116","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B112","article-title":"Increased plasma pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity levels in non-obese patients with essential hypertension","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Margalet","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083596","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1083596","article-title":"The critical role of IL-10 in the antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative effects of rheum tanguticum on activated microglia","volume":"2018","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172723","article-title":"Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 attenuates hyperinsulinemia induced obesity and inflammation mediated insulin resistance via MAPK\/NOX3-JNK pathway","volume":"864","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27018-8","article-title":"Discovery of pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: studies in rodent models of diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121415","article-title":"Immuno-metabolic effect of pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 in diet induced obese mice: In vitro and in vivo findings","volume":"316","author":"Goand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170902","article-title":"Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 balances energy homeostasis by attenuating adipose tissue inflammation in high fat diet fed mice","volume":"159","author":"Goand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.05.016","article-title":"New biological aspects of chromogranin A-derived peptides: focus on vasostatins","volume":"147","author":"Tota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.09.009","article-title":"Regulatory peptides from chromogranin A and secretogranin II: putative modulators of cells and tissues involved in inflammatory conditions","volume":"165","author":"Helle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6118","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22116118","article-title":"The emerging roles of chromogranins and derived polypeptides in atherosclerosis, diabetes, and coronary heart disease","volume":"22","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00064","article-title":"The surging role of Chromogranin A in cardiovascular homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Tota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0196858","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196858","article-title":"Vasostatin-1: A novel circulating biomarker for ileal and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"13","author":"Corsello","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2012.680610","article-title":"Development of an immunoassay for the derived-peptide of chromogranin A, vasostatin-I (1-76): assessment of severity in patients with sepsis","volume":"17","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae008","article-title":"Vasostatins: new molecular targets for atherosclerosis, post-ischemic angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis","volume":"120","author":"Madonna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.065","article-title":"Association of decreased serum vasostatin-2 level with ischemic chronic heart failure and with MACE in 3-year follow-up: Vasostatin-2 prevents heart failure in myocardial infarction rats","volume":"221","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i47.8138","article-title":"Impact of intrarectal chromofungin treatment on dendritic cells-related markers in different immune compartments in colonic inflammatory conditions","volume":"27","author":"Kapoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170297","article-title":"(CGA)-derived polypeptide (CGA(47-66)) inhibits TNF-\u03b1-induced vascular endothelial hyper-permeability through SOC-related Ca(2+) signaling","volume":"131","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(03)00112-5","article-title":"Peptides from the N-terminal domain of chromogranin A (vasostatins) exert negative inotropic effects in the isolated frog heart","volume":"114","author":"Tota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180451","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of vasostatin-1 against atherogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.04.007","article-title":"The chromogranin A peptide vasostatin-I inhibits gap formation and signal transduction mediated by inflammatory agents in cultured bovine pulmonary and coronary arterial endothelial cells","volume":"135","author":"Blois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6829com","article-title":"The vasostatin-I fragment of chromogranin A inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration","volume":"21","author":"Belloni","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2031-9","article-title":"The N-terminal fragment of chromogranin A, vasostatin-1 protects mice from acute or chronic colitis upon oral administration","volume":"57","author":"Rumio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.12.097","article-title":"Vasostatin-2 inhibits cell proliferation and adhesion in vascular smooth muscle cells, which are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis","volume":"469","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-06-0475","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory vasostatin-2 attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE(-\/-) mice and inhibits monocyte\/macrophage recruitment","volume":"117","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.08.013","article-title":"Chromofungin (CHR: CHGA(47-66)) is downregulated in persons with active ulcerative colitis and suppresses pro-inflammatory macrophage function through the inhibition of NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"145","author":"Eissa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01131","article-title":"Chromofungin ameliorates the progression of colitis by regulating alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Eissa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176043","article-title":"Chromofungin, a chromogranin A-derived peptide, protects against sepsis-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting LBP\/TLR4-dependent inflammatory signaling","volume":"958","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-011-9521-7","article-title":"Role of pGlu-serpinin, a novel chromogranin A-derived peptide in inhibition of cell death","volume":"45","author":"Koshimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz217","article-title":"Enteroendocrine cells: sensing gut microbiota and regulating inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050022","article-title":"The modulatory effects of WE-14 on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells","author":"Forsythe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2018.0052","article-title":"Chromogranin A and its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"69","author":"Herold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3794-3","article-title":"Autoantibodies to chromogranin A are potential diagnostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"36","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumor Biol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501190","article-title":"Cutting edge: nonobese diabetic mice deficient in chromogranin A are protected from autoimmune diabetes","volume":"196","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0513","article-title":"Chromogranin A deficiency confers protection from autoimmune diabetes via multiple mechanisms","volume":"70","author":"Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517862112","article-title":"N-terminal additions to the WE14 peptide of chromogranin A create strong autoantigen agonists in type 1 diabetes","volume":"112","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.04.017","article-title":"Identification of autoreactive CD8+ T cell responses targeting chromogranin A in humanized NOD mice and type 1 diabetes patients","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.10.003","article-title":"Chromogranin A is a T cell antigen in human type 1 diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35241-6","article-title":"Fecal chromogranins and secretogranins are linked to the fecal and mucosal intestinal bacterial composition of IBS patients and healthy subjects","volume":"8","author":"Sundin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9552-6","article-title":"Regulatory peptides from chromogranin A and secretogranin II","volume":"30","author":"Helle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.2.553","article-title":"Presence of chromogranin-derived antimicrobial peptides in plasma during coronary artery bypass surgery and evidence of an immune origin of these peptides","volume":"100","author":"Tasiemski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2731","article-title":"Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2017680","article-title":"Inhibition of Candida albicans in vivo and in vitro by antimicrobial peptides chromogranin A-N12 through microRNA-155\/suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 axis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.977175","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptides secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla link the neuroendocrine and immune systems: From basic to clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Scavello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-14-0027","article-title":"Biological function and clinical relevance of chromogranin A and derived peptides","volume":"3","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20180801","article-title":"CGA-N9, an antimicrobial peptide derived from chromogranin A: direct cell penetration of and endocytosis by Candida tropicalis","volume":"476","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051550","article-title":"Catestatin: antimicrobial functions and potential therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Jati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567874\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:13:46Z","timestamp":1745986426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567874\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":156,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"article-number":"1567874"}}