{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:15:48Z","timestamp":1768259748899,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004204","name":"Tongji University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on BP patients and identify factors influencing the risk and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in BP patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among BP patients in the Department of Dermatology at Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital from December 1, 2022, to March 1, 2023. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire addressing demographics, medical conditions, clinical symptoms, and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors influencing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its severity were evaluated by logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 96 BP patients were analyzed. Demographic and clinical profiles, COVID-19-related characteristics, and the pandemic\u2019s impact on healthcare-seeking behaviors were described. Our findings showed that vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio [OR]: 0.157, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.045\u20130.552, p=0.002) and infection severity (OR: 0.044, 95% CI: 0.004\u20130.544, p=0.015). Furthermore, the use of prednisone at a dose &amp;gt;10 mg\/day in the last 3 months was associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR: 7.911, 95% CI: 1.379\u201345.393, p=0.012) but did not appear to influence infection severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges for BP patients. Our study found that the use of prednisone at a dose &amp;gt;10 mg\/day in the last three months was associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccination provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 in BP patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T05:25:08Z","timestamp":1745558708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outcomes and risk factors of COVID-19 in patients with bullous pemphigoid: a cross-sectional 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