{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:20:01Z","timestamp":1789402801412,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ovary is rare pathological type with an undefined mechanism, low incidence, but high metastatic rate, high aggressiveness, and very poor prognosis, and there are no standardized treatment protocols or guidelines. In this article, we report a 48-year-old woman diagnosed with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ovary after puncture biopsy of a pelvic mass, who underwent 8 cycles of paclitaxel+carboplatin regimen chemotherapy (with the addition of the anti-angiogenesis targeted agent bevacizumab in the first 2 times, and the immunosuppressant tirilizumab in the last 2 times), followed by 12 times of tirilizumab monotherapy maintenance therapy, which was highly effective. It is believed that with newer technologies, the use of surgery, chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy, targeted therapy, genetic testing and construction of animal tumor models will play a key role in the treatment and monitoring of the prognosis of this rare disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1569011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T05:25:35Z","timestamp":1747891535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A case report of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ovary and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuli","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangshu","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.04.011","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the gynecologic tract: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) clinical document","volume":"122","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2018.02.004","article-title":"Small cell cancers of the female genital tract: molecular and clinical aspects","volume":"149","author":"Patibandla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol Int J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2931","article-title":"Germline and somatic SMARCA4 mutations characterize small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type","volume":"46","author":"Witkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2922","article-title":"Recurrent SMARCA4 mutations in small cell carcinoma of the ovary","volume":"46","author":"Jelinic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2019.10.031","article-title":"Germline mutations of SMARCA4 in small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type and in SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated uterine sarcoma: Clinical features of a single family and comparison of large cohorts","volume":"157","author":"Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29020037","article-title":"Case report of small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (Ovarian rhabdoid tumor) with SMARCB1 mutation: A literature review of a rare and aggressive condition","volume":"29","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4161\/2167549X.2014.967148","article-title":"Loss of the tumor suppressor SMARCA4 in small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT)","volume":"2","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rare Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199411000-00004","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. 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