{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:31:59Z","timestamp":1792503119563,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent inflammatory refractory rheumatoid arthritis (PIRRA) presents a major clinical challenge, and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain inadequately understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>athogenesis. Synovial joint tissues were collected from 30 TgTC mice and 30 Friend virus B (FVB) control mice. Of these, 18 mice per group were used for transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses; 6 for pathological examination and microCT imaging; and 6 for validation experiments. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction networks, and KEGG Markup Language (KGML) network analysis were employed to characterize the functional roles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins, metabolites, and associated biological pathways. Notably, five genes\/proteins\u2014macrophage-expressed gene 1 (<jats:italic>Mpeg1<\/jats:italic>), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase\/phosphodiesterase 2 (<jats:italic>Enpp2<\/jats:italic>), toll-like receptor 2 (<jats:italic>Tlr2<\/jats:italic>), cluster of differentiation 14 (<jats:italic>CD14<\/jats:italic>), and lysozyme 2 (<jats:italic>Lyz2<\/jats:italic>)\u2014were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2,410 DEGs, 366 differentially expressed proteins, and 120 significantly altered metabolites (P &amp;lt; 0.05) were identified between the model (TgTC ) and control (FVB) groups. These molecules were mainly associated with Golgi apparatus dysfunction, lipid metabolism, and immune-inflammatory responses. Integrative multi-omics analysis further revealed that these molecular alterations are involved in the activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, as well as disruptions in tryptophan and lipid metabolism. Among the metabolites, phosphatidylinositol (PI) (12:0\/12:0), N-docosahexaenoyl tryptophan, and PI (22:1(11Z)\/0:0) were identified as key metabolic signatures of persistent joint synovitis in TgTC mice. In addition, the expression of <jats:italic>Mpeg1, Enpp2, Tlr2, CD14<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lyz2<\/jats:italic> was evaluated in synovial samples from patients with PIRRA and classical RA. Notably, <jats:italic>Mpeg1, Enpp2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lyz2<\/jats:italic> were significantly upregulated in PIRRA, whereas <jats:italic>Tlr2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CD14<\/jats:italic> did not show statistically significant differences between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings highlight the critical role of altered gene, protein, and metabolite expression in the pathogenesis of PIRRA, offering new insights into its molecular basis and potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1574783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T05:26:38Z","timestamp":1753421198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrated multi-omics for potential biomarkers and molecular mechanism of persistent inflammatory refractory rheumatoid 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