{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:32:09Z","timestamp":1791423129560,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Avian \u03b3\u03b4 T lymphocytes are highly abundant in the intestinal mucosa and play a critical role in immune defense against infectious diseases in chickens. However, their specific contributions to infection control remain poorly understood. To investigate the role of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and their possible compensation, we studied wild-type and \u03b3\u03b4 T cell knockout chickens following infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis. Bacterial loads in the liver, cecal content, and cecal wall were quantified. Immune cell populations in blood, spleen, and cecum were analyzed using flow cytometry. Immune gene transcription in sorted \u03b3\u03b4 (TCR1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and TCR1\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    cell subsets as well as cecal tissue was measured by RT-qPCR. Strikingly, chickens lacking \u03b3\u03b4 T cells had significantly higher bacterial loads in the liver and more extensive\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    invasion in the cecal wall during the early stages of infection compared to wild-type birds. In blood, infected \u03b3\u03b4 T cell knockout chickens displayed a significantly increased percentage of CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    NK-like cells. In both blood and tissue, infected wild-type chickens demonstrated an increased absolute number of CD8\u03b1\u03b1\n                    <jats:sup>+hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u03b3\u03b4 T cells (CD4\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Conversely, \u03b3\u03b4 T cell knockout chickens exhibited an augmented cell count of a CD8\u03b1\u03b1\n                    <jats:sup>+hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    TCR1\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    cell population after infection, which might include \u03b1\u03b2 T cells. At 7 days post infection (dpi), gene expression analysis revealed elevated transcription of the activation marker IL-2R\u03b1 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-\u03b3) in CD8\u03b1\u03b1\n                    <jats:sup>+hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    TCR1\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells from \u03b3\u03b4 T cell knockout chickens compared to CD8\u03b1\u03b1\n                    <jats:sup>+hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u03b3\u03b4 T cells from wild-type birds. By 12 dpi, these differences diminished as transcription levels increased in \u03b3\u03b4 T cells of wild-type animals. Our findings demonstrate that \u03b3\u03b4 T cells play a role in early immune protection against\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis infection in chickens. In later stages of the infection, the \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and their functions appear to be replaced by other cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1576766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T05:50:42Z","timestamp":1747201842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Compensatory mechanisms in \u03b3\u03b4 T cell-deficient chickens following Salmonella infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Tetzlaff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Methner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"von 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