{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:56:19Z","timestamp":1793318179157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of symptoms that are characterized by abnormal changes in metabolic substances such as glucose, lipids, proteins, and bile acids. MetS is a common complication after organ transplantation and can further affect the survival and physiological function of the graft by reprograming the patient\u2019s immune environment. Additionally, MetS can influence the occurrence of post-transplant complications, such as infections. In recent years, research into the epidemiology and mechanisms of MetS has grown significantly. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of MetS after transplantation and the mechanisms of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, abnormal bile acids, and abnormal amino acids on the body\u2019s immune cells as related to the effect of metabolic disorders on immune rejection after liver, kidney, heart, skin and other organ transplantation. Finally, we provide an overview of current treatment strategies and offer insights into potential future therapies for managing MetS in transplant recipients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1580369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T01:26:18Z","timestamp":1745285178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Novel insights and an updated review of metabolic syndrome in immune-mediated organ transplant rejection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zetong","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weicong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanglin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00563-5","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Neeland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa030","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of solid organ transplantation","volume":"42","author":"Bhat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02882.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and solid-organ transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Sharif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Transplantation"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201802095","article-title":"The cell biology of systemic insulin function","volume":"217","author":"Tokarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.743","article-title":"Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance Trajectories over 1 Year after Kidney Transplantation: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"35","author":"Bang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91500-9","article-title":"The glucose fatty-acid cycle. 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