{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:19:41Z","timestamp":1775665181632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reviews the latest research progress in immunotherapy for bone tumors. Bone tumors are a serious threat to human health, and traditional treatments have limitations. Recently, immunotherapy, as an emerging treatment method, has shown great potential in the treatment of bone tumors. This article systematically introduces the pathological features, traditional treatment methods and limitations of bone tumors, and focuses on the principles, application status and challenges of immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, tumor vaccines and other immunotherapies. At the same time, the combined application strategy of immunotherapy and traditional treatment was discussed, and the future development direction was prospected. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference for the research and clinical application of bone tumor immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1580598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:22:06Z","timestamp":1759983726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A review of immunotherapy for bone tumors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chenwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haokun","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00409-y","article-title":"Osteosarcoma","volume":"8","author":"Beird","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.08.1995","article-title":"Bone sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS-ERN PaedCan Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Strauss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2014.59.4895","article-title":"Osteosarcoma: current treatment and a collaborative pathway to success","volume":"33","author":"Isakoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2015.08.022","article-title":"Update on survival in osteosarcoma","volume":"47","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthopedic Clinics North A"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.07.006","article-title":"Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up(\u2606)","volume":"32","author":"Gronchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21140","article-title":"High grade osteosarcoma of the extremities with lung metastases at presentation: treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and simultaneous resection of primary and metastatic lesions","volume":"98","author":"Bacci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-179","article-title":"Clinical management of women with metastatic breast cancer: a descriptive study according to age group","volume":"6","author":"Manders","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030831","article-title":"Mechanisms of bone metastasis","volume":"350","author":"Roodman","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2012.12.004","article-title":"Incidence and consequences of bone metastases in lung cancer patients","volume":"2","author":"Kuchuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18670","article-title":"Natural history of non-small-cell lung cancer with bone metastases","volume":"5","author":"Santini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-004-0053-y","article-title":"Targeting osseous metastases: rationale and development of radio-immunotherapy for prostate cancer","volume":"6","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.11.027","article-title":"Survival and prognosis with osteosarcoma: outcomes in more than 2000 patients in the EURAMOS-1 (European and American Osteosarcoma Study) cohort","volume":"109","author":"Smeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer (Oxford England: 1990)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24121","article-title":"Osteosarcoma incidence and survival rates from 1973 to 2004: data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program","volume":"115","author":"Mirabello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186x.2014.923934","article-title":"Time-trends on incidence and survival in a nationwide and unselected cohort of patients with skeletal osteosarcoma","volume":"54","author":"Berner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Oncol (Stockholm Sweden)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c00192","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeting polymer micelle of dichloroacetate induced pyroptosis to enhance osteosarcoma immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS nano"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01811-7","article-title":"Targeting the EphA2 pathway: could it be the way for bone sarcomas","volume":"22","author":"Giordano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell communication signaling: CCS"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.948647","article-title":"Recent progress and future perspectives of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3747\/co.27.5117","article-title":"Immunotherapy in hematologic Malignancies","volume":"27","author":"Kansara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Oncol (Toronto Ont)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-0875-2","article-title":"Immunotherapy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"22","author":"Barsan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.02.3005","article-title":"Immunotherapy for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma","volume":"197","author":"Donin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J urol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557523666230517152538","article-title":"Immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"24","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mini Rev medicinal Chem"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2010.34.5025","article-title":"Immunotherapy for prostate cancer: biology and therapeutic approaches","volume":"29","author":"Cha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1212476","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapies: advances and bottlenecks","volume":"14","author":"Rui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02105-9","article-title":"Advances on immunotherapy for osteosarcoma","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040968","article-title":"Genomics and therapeutic vulnerabilities of primary bone tumors","volume":"9","author":"Scotlandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-021-00677-9","article-title":"MicroRNAs and their roles in breast cancer bone metastasis","volume":"19","author":"Puppo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr osteoporosis Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0793-8","article-title":"Bone metastases and immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Landi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J immunother cancer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-017-9719-4","article-title":"Current perspectives on bone metastases in castrate-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"37","author":"Logothetis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer metastasis Rev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.12.8488","article-title":"Radiography in the initial diagnosis of primary bone tumors","volume":"200","author":"Costelloe","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJR Am J roentgenol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-015-2136-2","article-title":"Surface primary bone tumors: Systematic approach and differential diagnosis","volume":"44","author":"M\u00e9ndez D\u00edaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skeletal radiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W770","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.13.10817","article-title":"Radiography in the initial diagnosis of biologic activity or growth rate of primary bone tumors","volume":"201","author":"Sureka","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJR Am J roentgenol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-005-0014-6","article-title":"Malignant bone tumors in Kuwait: a 10-year clinicopathological study","volume":"29","author":"Katchy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int orthopaedics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04614-4","article-title":"Targeted therapy for osteosarcoma: a review","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.12.004","article-title":"Bone metastasis: find your niche and fit in","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197708)40:2<818::aid-cncr2820400234>3.0.co;2-b","article-title":"Prognostic factors in chondrosarcoma of bone: a clinicopathologic analysis with emphasis on histologic grading","volume":"40","author":"Evans","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0142(19960815)78:4<745::Aid-cncr9>3.0.Co;2-d","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the pelvis. Prognostic factors for 67 patients treated with definitive surgery","volume":"78","author":"Sheth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200111000-00003","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the pelvis. A review of sixty-four cases","volume":"83","author":"Pring","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am volume"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200204000-00004","article-title":"Treatment and outcome of recurrent pelvic chondrosarcoma","author":"Weber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin orthopaedics related Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2010.33.6107","article-title":"Randomized phase II study comparing gemcitabine plus dacarbazine versus dacarbazine alone in patients with previously treated soft tissue sarcoma: a Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas study","volume":"29","author":"Garc\u00eda-Del-Muro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2006.10.4117","article-title":"Randomized phase II study of gemcitabine and docetaxel compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with metastatic soft tissue sarcomas: results of sarcoma alliance for research through collaboration study 002 [corrected","volume":"25","author":"Maki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/868973","article-title":"Clinical activity and tolerability of a 14-day infusional Ifosfamide schedule in soft-tissue sarcoma","volume":"2013","author":"Martin-Liberal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sarcoma"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2015.62.4734","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of trabectedin or dacarbazine for metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma after failure of conventional chemotherapy: results of a phase III randomized multicenter clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Demetri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60651-5","article-title":"Pazopanib for metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma (PALETTE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"379","author":"van der Graaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2016.71.6605","article-title":"Activity of eribulin in patients with advanced liposarcoma demonstrated in a subgroup analysis from a randomized phase III study of eribulin versus dacarbazine","volume":"35","author":"Demetri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1593-5","article-title":"Harnessing innate immunity in cancer therapy","volume":"574","author":"Demaria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112043","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of cancer","volume":"33","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.149","article-title":"Innate immune signaling and regulation in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Corrales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00560-y","article-title":"Dynamics and specificities of T cells in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01022-8","article-title":"Engineering immune-evasive allogeneic cellular immunotherapies","volume":"24","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.01.023","article-title":"CD163(+) M2-type tumor-associated macrophage support the suppression of tumor-infiltrating T cells in osteosarcoma","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1925-3","article-title":"Increased PD-L1 and T-cell infiltration in the presence of HLA class I expression in metastatic high-grade osteosarcoma: a rationale for T-cell-based immunotherapy","volume":"66","author":"Sundara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer immunol immunother: CII"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12539","article-title":"Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot","volume":"44","author":"Khosravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (London England)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14646-w","article-title":"Immuno-genomic landscape of osteosarcoma","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115718","article-title":"Cytokine-Induced Memory-Like NK Cells: Emerging strategy for AML immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed pharmacother = Biomed pharmacotherapie"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0488-6","article-title":"The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2035","article-title":"T cell exhaustion","volume":"12","author":"Wherry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12766","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors: The linchpins of modern immunotherapy","volume":"290","author":"Wilky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.030","article-title":"Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential","volume":"161","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8172","article-title":"The future of immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"348","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.2.459","article-title":"CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation","volume":"182","author":"Krummel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm057","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: from discovery to clinical application","volume":"19","author":"Okazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200694","article-title":"Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"366","author":"Brahmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215887","article-title":"Immune checkpoints in osteosarcoma: Recent advances and therapeutic potential","volume":"547","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer letters"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093\u2013107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.03.036","article-title":"Bone metastases diminish extraosseous response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy through osteopontin-producing osteoclasts","volume":"43","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101977","article-title":"Methionine intervention induces PD-L1 expression to enhance the immune checkpoint therapy response in MTAP-deleted osteosarcoma","volume":"6","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.10024","article-title":"Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity","volume":"86","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2011.83","article-title":"Immunotherapy targeting HER2 with genetically modified T cells eliminates tumor-initiating cells in osteosarcoma","volume":"19","author":"Rainusso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2014.58.0225","article-title":"Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -specific chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for the immunotherapy of HER2-positive sarcoma","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177ra38","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005930","article-title":"CD19-targeted T cells rapidly induce molecular remissions in adults with chemotherapy-refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"5","author":"Brentjens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Trans Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103849","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia","volume":"365","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg9814","article-title":"Payload-delivering engineered \u03b3\u03b4 T cells display enhanced cytotoxicity, persistence, and efficacy in preclinical models of osteosarcoma","volume":"16","author":"Fowler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Trans Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061741","article-title":"Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions","volume":"356","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001294","article-title":"Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"363","author":"Kantoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70020","article-title":"NY-ESO-1 antigen: A promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Alsalloum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Trans Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16193428","article-title":"Innovative cancer immunotherapy with MAGE-A3 mRNA cancer vaccines","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01291-z","article-title":"Superior survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the bone with immune rich tumor microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"de Groen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2287","article-title":"Oncolytic virotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-018-0214-5","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses and checkpoint inhibitors: combination therapy in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"LaRocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Trans Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3770","article-title":"Going viral with cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Lichty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030525","article-title":"Cytolytic properties and genome analysis of Rigvir(\u00ae) oncolytic virotherapy virus and other echovirus 7 isolates","volume":"14","author":"Hietanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0238-9","article-title":"Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and other oncolytic viruses for the treatment of melanoma","volume":"18","author":"Bommareddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ott.S50483","article-title":"Clinical utility of recombinant adenoviral human p53 gene therapy: current perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2017.212","article-title":"Fighting cancer with viruses: oncolytic virus therapy in China","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1580598\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:22:07Z","timestamp":1759983727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1580598\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1580598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1580598","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"article-number":"1580598"}}