{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T14:17:07Z","timestamp":1793888227385,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a severe infectious disease that is responsible for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. While the majority of melioidosis cases occur in Southeast Asia, South Asia and Northern Australia, the disease is being increasingly recognized across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Due to diagnostic and treatment challenges as well as the potential misuse of\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a biothreat agent, an effective vaccine is critically needed. Over the years, numerous different strategies have been explored to develop melioidosis vaccines. Based on the choice of protective antigens, many of the resulting candidates would also be predicted to provide some level of protection against\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia mallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the etiologic agent of glanders. In this review, we examine the different approaches that have recently been used to develop melioidosis vaccine candidates, highlighting both traditional and emerging vaccine platform technologies. Using these approaches, several promising melioidosis and glanders candidates have been identified with pre-clinical animal studies providing valuable insights into the immunogenic and protective capacities of these potential vaccines. Collectively, this review summarizes recent advancements in melioidosis vaccine research and highlights critical findings that will help guide a path toward the development of a safe, effective and affordable vaccine to combat disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T01:21:06Z","timestamp":1750728066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Melioidosis vaccines: recent advances and future directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sineenart","family":"Sengyee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Weiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivory T.","family":"Rok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary N.","family":"Burtnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(08)70002-6","article-title":"The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update","author":"Currie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15008","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2015.8","article-title":"Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis","volume":"1","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306448","article-title":"Locally acquired melioidosis linked to environment - mississippi, 2020-2023","volume":"389","author":"Petras","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir808","article-title":"Clinical features and epidemiology of melioidosis pneumonia: results from a 21-year study and review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"Meumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2022.100118","article-title":"Characteristics and one year outcomes of melioidosis patients in northeastern Thailand: A prospective, multicenter cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Chantratita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.01.034","article-title":"Characteristics, clinical outcomes and factors influencing mortality of patients with melioidosis in southern Thailand: A 10-year retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Churuangsuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01685","article-title":"A case series of melioidosis: an underdiagnosed infection","volume":"31","author":"Dubey","year":"2023","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e141045","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2102.141045","article-title":"Melioidosis diagnostic workshop, 2013","volume":"21","author":"Hoffmaster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01636-16","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei: challenges for the clinical microbiology laboratory","volume":"54","author":"Hemarajata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071501","article-title":"Management of accidental laboratory exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei and B","volume":"14","author":"Peacock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mallei. 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