{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:44:30Z","timestamp":1794019470011,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, and chronic neuroinflammation. While neuroinflammation\u2014mediated by microglial and astrocyte activation\u2014has long been considered a secondary response to A\u03b2 pathology, emerging evidence positions it as a primary driver of cognitive decline. Notably, the gut microbiota, through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), is crucial in modulating neuroinflammation. Dysbiosis disrupts gut barrier integrity, promotes systemic inflammation, and exacerbates neuroinflammatory responses, thereby accelerating AD progression. Recent advances reveal that gut microbiota-derived metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides) directly influence microglial activation and A\u03b2 aggregation. These findings have opened new therapeutic possibilities, with microbiota-targeted approaches such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation demonstrating promising neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies by reducing neuroinflammation and preserving cognitive function. However, translating these findings into clinical applications requires further validation through randomized controlled trials. This review summarizes the current understanding of gut microbiota-driven neuroinflammation in AD, from molecular mechanisms to potential therapeutic strategies. Targeting the MGBA represents a paradigm shift in AD management, emphasizing the modulation of neuroinflammation and pathological progression through gut microbiota interventions. The discussion also addresses existing research challenges and outlines future directions to advance this promising field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T01:28:44Z","timestamp":1750901324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Gut microbiota-driven neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangcheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongxin","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.937486","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, 1990-2019","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14618","article-title":"Microglial inflammation and phagocytosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Potential therapeutic targets","volume":"176","author":"Nizami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.07.150","article-title":"The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010","volume":"13","author":"Wimo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02584-x","article-title":"Neuroinflammation represents a common theme amongst genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases","volume":"19","author":"Boyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02565-0","article-title":"Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014","article-title":"Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Kinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18087","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbiota axis in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Kowalski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2282790","article-title":"Multi-omics data reveals aberrant gut microbiota-host glycerophospholipid metabolism in association with neuroinflammation in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.634069","article-title":"Structural and functional dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in chinese patients with alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00522-2","article-title":"Microbiota in neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction: a focus on Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Bairamian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26851-2","article-title":"Tau activates microglia via the PQBP1-cGAS-STING pathway to promote brain inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-01957-y","article-title":"Aggregated Tau activates NLRP3-ASC inflammasome exacerbating exogenously seeded and non-exogenously seeded Tau pathology in vivo","volume":"137","author":"Stancu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29552-6","article-title":"Microglial NF-kappaB drives tau spreading and toxicity in a mouse model of tauopathy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01721-1","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in alzheimer\u2019s disease: current progress in molecular signaling and therapeutics","volume":"46","author":"Thakur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.08.008","article-title":"Multiple roles of macrophage in skin","volume":"104","author":"Nakai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5392","article-title":"Macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis as defined by single-cell technologies","volume":"250","author":"Willemsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382685a0","article-title":"RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"382","author":"Yan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000065100.17349.ca","article-title":"Glucose, glycation, and RAGE: implications for amplification of cellular dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Wendt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-210268","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome: A starring role in amyloid-\u03b2- and tau-driven pathological events in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"83","author":"Van Zeller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715273377780250505115039","article-title":"The NLRP3-P2X7 axis and cytokine crosstalk in alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"292","author":"Kurmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02013-z","article-title":"Temporal transcriptomic changes in the THY-Tau22 mouse model of tauopathy display cell type- and sex-specific differences","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104592","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2-Induced inflammarafts in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.029","article-title":"SnapShot: astrocytes in health and disease","volume":"162","author":"Liddelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.010","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Calsolaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101335","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00390-x","article-title":"Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.48","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow regulation and neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease","volume":"18","author":"Kisler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3966","article-title":"GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer\u2019s disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Winkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20322-w","article-title":"Filamentous recombinant human Tau activates primary astrocytes via an integrin receptor complex","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00557-6","article-title":"Emerging principles of cytokine pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Saxton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101831","article-title":"Neuroimmune mechanisms underlying Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Insights into central and peripheral immune cell crosstalk","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02122","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokine aberrations in alzheimer\u2019s disease, parkinson\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.01.022","article-title":"Cross interactions between Apolipoprotein E and amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"Loch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.008","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E: structural insights and links to alzheimer disease pathogenesis","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1396520","article-title":"The complement system in neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Negro-Demontel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6295","article-title":"Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15096","article-title":"Developmental activities of the complement pathway in migrating neurons","volume":"8","author":"Gorelik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.036","article-title":"The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination","volume":"131","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8373","article-title":"Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models","volume":"352","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020817","article-title":"The importance of complement-Mediated immune signaling in alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Batista","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101921-035639","article-title":"Complement in the brain: contributions to neuroprotection, neuronal plasticity, and neuroinflammation","volume":"41","author":"Bohlson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6933","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136933","article-title":"Dissecting the interplay mechanism between epigenetics and gut microbiota: health maintenance and disease prevention","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70028","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70028","article-title":"Enhancing human gut health: Global innovations in dysbiosis management","volume":"4","author":"El Boukhari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10609-z","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of probiotics: A review of their role in modulating inflammation","author":"Beikmohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiot Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051084","article-title":"Gut microbiota: an immersion in dysbiosis, associated pathologies, and probiotics","volume":"13","author":"Orig\u00fcela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02287-6","article-title":"Emerging role of the host microbiome in neuropsychiatric disorders: overview and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11209","article-title":"A framework for human microbiome research","volume":"486","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00104","article-title":"The links between the gut microbiome, aging, modern lifestyle and alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Askarova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1747329","article-title":"Altered gut microbial profile is associated with abnormal metabolism activity of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"11","author":"Dan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325115","article-title":"Deviated and early unsustainable stunted development of gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"71","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01148-1","article-title":"The gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis varies with disease activity","volume":"15","author":"Thirion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2272769","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids act as mediators of the gut-brain axis targeting age-related neurodegenerative disorders: a narrative review","volume":"65","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1920884","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids-producing probiotics: A novel source of psychobiotics","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111765","article-title":"Gut microbiota and their neuroinflammatory implications in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Giau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4730539","article-title":"Gut microbiota in alzheimer\u2019s disease, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of oxidative stress","volume":"2019","author":"Luca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0271-2","article-title":"Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility","volume":"17","author":"Spencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2022","article-title":"The enteric nervous system","volume":"103","author":"Sharkey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000281999.56102.b5","article-title":"Enteric nervous system: functional organization and neurologic implications","volume":"69","author":"Benarroch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00452.2012","article-title":"Enteric nervous system development: migration, differentiation, and disease","volume":"305","author":"Lake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.06.027","article-title":"Microbe-host interactions: Influence of the gut microbiota on the enteric nervous system","volume":"417","author":"Hyland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.12.031","article-title":"Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis: prebiotics have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and reverse the impact of chronic stress in mice","volume":"82","author":"Burokas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.03.015","article-title":"Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota","volume":"1693","author":"Strandwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020602","article-title":"Central nervous system regenerative failure: role of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia","volume":"7","author":"Silver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.03.001","article-title":"The microbiome: A key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation","volume":"4","author":"Rea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.240754","article-title":"Factors influencing the gut microbiota, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"147","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.08.005","article-title":"Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression","volume":"170","author":"Desbonnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00284","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and the gut microbiota: possible alternative therapeutic targets to counteract alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Cerovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1353843","article-title":"A bidirectional association between the gut microbiota and CNS disease in a biphasic murine model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Colpitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0600-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota and the neuroendocrine system","volume":"15","author":"Farzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29252\/ibj.24.4.220","article-title":"Assessment of probiotics mixture on memory function, inflammation markers, and oxidative stress in an alzheimer\u2019s disease model of rats","volume":"24","author":"Mehrabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran BioMed J"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082676","article-title":"d-glutamate and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02073-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota and dysbiosis in alzheimer\u2019s disease: implications for pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.07.007","article-title":"Relevance of gutmicrobiota in cognition, behaviour and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"136","author":"De","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.04.004","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.019","article-title":"Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly","volume":"49","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13601-y","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Vogt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104856","article-title":"Targeting the microbiota in pharmacology of psychiatric disorders","volume":"157","author":"Pascale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.05.008","article-title":"Altered microbiomes distinguish Alzheimer\u2019s disease from amnestic mild cognitive impairment and health in a Chinese cohort","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200514090359","article-title":"On the possible relevance of bottom-up pathways in the pathogenesis of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Leblhuber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-170020","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0525-3","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviated Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathogenesis in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01486","article-title":"Corrigendum: short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Parada Venegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59826","article-title":"Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids modulate microglia and promote A\u03b2 plaque deposition","volume":"10","author":"Colombo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2020.103493","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) alone or in combination regulate select immune functions of microglia-like cells","volume":"105","author":"Wenzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00632-19","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease microbiome is associated with dysregulation of the anti-inflammatory P-glycoprotein pathway","volume":"10","author":"Haran","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0004-2","article-title":"The role of the microbial metabolites including tryptophan catabolites and short chain fatty acids in the pathophysiology of immune-inflammatory and neuroimmune disease","volume":"54","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102277","article-title":"Regulation of gut microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia with dietary factors","volume":"11","author":"Fuke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15571","article-title":"Microbiota modulation as preventative and therapeutic approach in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"288","author":"Bonfili","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48342-7","article-title":"Suppression of gut dysbiosis by Bifidobacterium longum alleviates cognitive decline in 5XFAD transgenic and aged mice","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105314","article-title":"The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathophysiology","volume":"164","author":"Doifode","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320789","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with higher dementia risk: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.568423","article-title":"Salidroside attenuates cognitive dysfunction in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice and modulates inflammation of the gut-brain axis","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.009","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate intestinal pathophysiology in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"92","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051711","article-title":"Dysregulated gut homeostasis observed prior to the accumulation of the brain amyloid-\u03b2 in tg2576 mice","volume":"21","author":"Honarpisheh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040779","article-title":"Alterations in the gut-microbial-inflammasome-brain axis in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Shukla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-016-0338-6","article-title":"Human gut microbiota: the links with dementia development","volume":"8","author":"Alkasir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.11.012","article-title":"Gut microbiome in health and disease: Linking the microbiome-gut-brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"158","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00722-y","article-title":"The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14129","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and symbiotic microbiota: an evolutionary medicine perspective","volume":"1449","author":"Fox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The central nervous system and the gut microbiome","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0364fje","article-title":"The LPS receptor (CD14) links innate immunity with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Fassbender","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add0665","article-title":"Neutrophils and macrophages drive TNF-induced lethality via TRIF\/CD14-mediated responses","volume":"7","author":"Muendlein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41283-w","article-title":"Bacteroides Fragilis in the gut microbiomes of Alzheimer\u2019s disease activates microglia and triggers pathogenesis in neuronal C\/EBP\u03b2 transgenic mice","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00273-y","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: pathologic roles and therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0983-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, gut microbiome, and alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.01.010","article-title":"Prolonged elevation in hippocampal A\u03b2 and cognitive deficits following repeated endotoxin exposure in the mouse","volume":"229","author":"Kahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.002","article-title":"Acute neuroinflammation, sickness behavior and working memory responses to acute systemic LPS challenge following noradrenergic lesion in mice","volume":"94","author":"O\u2019neill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00042","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide associates with amyloid plaques, neurons and oligodendrocytes in alzheimer\u2019s disease brain: A review","volume":"10","author":"Zhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00250","article-title":"Dipeptidyl vinyl sulfone as a novel chemical tool to inhibit HMGB1\/NLRP3-inflammasome and inflamma-miRs in A\u03b2-mediated microglial inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Falc\u00e3o","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21887","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2 induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells via NADPH oxidase- and mitochondria-dependent ROS production","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01544","article-title":"Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory signaling in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Lukiw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00269","article-title":"Biotic\/Abiotic stress-Driven alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.383737","article-title":"Promiscuous cross-seeding between bacterial amyloids promotes interspecies biofilms","volume":"287","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17023","article-title":"Microbial amyloids in neurodegenerative amyloid diseases","volume":"292","author":"Sampson","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw023","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota and nutrients in amyloid formation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease","volume":"74","author":"Pistollato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02990-5","article-title":"The role of a gut microbial-derived metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), in neurological disorders","volume":"59","author":"Praveenraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0451-2","article-title":"The gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Vogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03011-w","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide: role in cell senescence and age-related diseases","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite TMAO enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis risk","volume":"165","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03340-9","article-title":"Connecting the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases: the role of bile acids","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-210608","article-title":"Bile acids as key modulators of the brain-gut-microbiota axis in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"84","author":"Mulak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26310","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26310","article-title":"Coevolution of the human host and gut microbiome: metagenomics of microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Shahab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2971-8","article-title":"The gut microbiota is associated with immune cell dynamics in humans","volume":"588","author":"Schluter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00661-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the regulation of host immune responses and immune-related inflammatory diseases","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3430","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease","volume":"13","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.006","article-title":"Gut microbiota promote hematopoiesis to control bacterial infection","volume":"15","author":"Khosravi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.02.013","article-title":"Adolescent dietary manipulations differentially affect gut microbiota composition and amygdala neuroimmune gene expression in male mice in adulthood","volume":"87","author":"F\u00fclling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006816","article-title":"The bacterial microbiota regulates normal hematopoiesis via metabolite-induced type 1 interferon signaling","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0425-1","article-title":"Mid-life microbiota crises: middle age is associated with pervasive neuroimmune alterations that are reversed by targeting the gut microbiome","volume":"25","author":"Boehme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0439-x","article-title":"The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics","volume":"25","author":"Suez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02404","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota-brain axis by probiotics, prebiotics, and diet","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01674-1","article-title":"Targeting early tau pathology: probiotic diet enhances cognitive function and reduces inflammation in a preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s model","volume":"17","author":"Flynn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12427","article-title":"Bifidobacteria exert strain-specific effects on stress-related behavior and physiology in BALB\/c mice","volume":"26","author":"Savignac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13368-2","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Bifidobacterium breve strain A1 for preventing cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2010.617755","article-title":"Probiotic upregulation of peripheral IL-17 responses does not exacerbate neurological symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse models","volume":"34","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2022.2103608","article-title":"Lactobacillus spp.-enhanced memory is strain-dependent and associated, in part, with amyloidogenic and anti-oxidant\/oxidative stress interplay in amyloid beta precursor protein transgenic mice","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad Alwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900636","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900636","article-title":"Effect of Clostridium butyricum against Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Butyrate","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.202515","article-title":"Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice","volume":"60","author":"Gareau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.07.002","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment has similar alterations as Alzheimer\u2019s disease in gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.031","article-title":"Multi-strain probiotics ameliorate Alzheimer\u2019s-like cognitive impairment and pathological changes through the AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice","volume":"119","author":"Xiao-Hang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106503","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106503","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP","volume":"9","author":"Distrutti","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02587-2","article-title":"Microbiota modulation counteracts Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression influencing neuronal proteolysis and gut hormones plasma levels","volume":"7","author":"Bonfili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2019.07.001","article-title":"Probiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and improve memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0648","article-title":"Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria ameliorate memory and learning deficits and oxidative stress in \u03b2-amyloid (1-42) injected rats","volume":"43","author":"Athari Nik Azm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010016","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic supplements on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress and cognitive function in patients with alzheimer\u2019s dementia: A 12-week randomized, double-blind active-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01911-3","article-title":"Recent advances in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1336889","article-title":"The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in comparison with omega-6 and omega-9 on lipid profile: a graded, dose-response systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Akhgarjand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa090","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation improves cognitive function and mood with changes in gut microbiota in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"76","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106ra106","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002701","article-title":"The impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins","volume":"3","author":"Mcnulty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00981-6","article-title":"Classifying compounds as prebiotics - scientific perspectives and recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Hutkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223955","article-title":"Health benefits of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics","volume":"16","author":"Al-Habsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1926842","article-title":"Resistant starch, microbiome, and precision modulation","volume":"13","author":"Dobranowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00403","article-title":"Prebiotic effect of fructooligosaccharides from morinda officinalis on alzheimer\u2019s disease in rodent models by targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b07313","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharides ameliorating cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice through modulating gut microbiota","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.04.005","article-title":"Mannan oligosaccharide attenuates cognitive and behavioral disorders in the 5xFAD Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model via regulating the gut microbiota-brain axis","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00412","article-title":"Effects of oligosaccharides from morinda officinalis on gut microbiota and metabolome of APP\/PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"9","author":"Xin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12409","article-title":"Impact of prebiotics on immune response: from the bench to the clinic","volume":"99","author":"Pujari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205019666211222115142","article-title":"Association of dietary prebiotic consumption with reduced risk of alzheimer\u2019s disease in a multiethnic population","volume":"18","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_341_19","article-title":"The effect of synbiotic and probiotic supplementation on mental health parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Haghighat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04210-z","article-title":"NMN synbiotics: A multifaceted therapeutic approach for alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214985","article-title":"A novel synbiotic delays Alzheimer\u2019s disease onset via combinatorial gut-brain-axis signaling in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"14","author":"Westfall","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2589","article-title":"The beneficial effect of synbiotics consumption on Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model via reducing local and systemic inflammation","volume":"74","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.034","article-title":"Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2638703","article-title":"Oxidative stress and dementia in alzheimer\u2019s patients: effects of synbiotic supplementation","volume":"2020","author":"Ton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040788","article-title":"Probiotics in extraintestinal diseases: current trends and new directions","volume":"11","author":"Kiousi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-071219-125715","article-title":"Microbiota metabolites in health and disease","volume":"38","author":"Mccarville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Lavelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393270","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1854675","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1968","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2-EP4 signaling promotes immune inflammation through Th1 cell differentiation and Th17 cell expansion","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2485S","article-title":"Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate","volume":"133","author":"Davie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2420765","article-title":"How important are fatty acids in human health and can they be used in treating diseases","volume":"16","author":"Dicks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.7000","article-title":"The gut microbiome and the brain","volume":"17","author":"Galland","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2105637","article-title":"Butyrate acts through HDAC inhibition to enhance aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by gut microbiota-derived ligands","volume":"14","author":"Modoux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2016.14","article-title":"Bidirectional communication between the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and the microbiome tunes host metabolism","volume":"2","author":"Korecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiom"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-190120","article-title":"Sodium butyrate reduces brain amyloid-\u03b2 Levels and improves cognitive memory performance in an alzheimer\u2019s disease transgenic mouse model at an early disease stage","volume":"74","author":"Fernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108479","article-title":"Sodium butyrate alleviates lead-induced neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and memory impairment through the ACSS2\/H3K9ac\/BDNF pathway","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"5","author":"Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14689","article-title":"Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders","volume":"48","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.098","article-title":"Fatty acids as modulators of neutrophil recruitment, function and survival","volume":"785","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.011","article-title":"Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome","volume":"17","author":"Sampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-012-3680-3","article-title":"Oral supplementation of butyrate reduces mucositis and intestinal permeability associated with 5-Fluorouracil administration","volume":"47","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122760","article-title":"Butyrate protects barrier integrity and suppresses immune activation in a caco-2\/PBMC co-Culture model while HDAC inhibition mimics butyrate in restoring cytokine-Induced barrier disruption","volume":"15","author":"Korsten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04237-y","article-title":"Hippocampal disruptions of synaptic and astrocyte metabolism are primary events of early amyloid pathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106952","article-title":"Possible role of tryptophan metabolism along the microbiota-gut-brain axis on cognitive & behavioral aspects in Phenylketonuria","volume":"197","author":"Parolisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.04.006","article-title":"Modulation of T cells by tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway","volume":"44","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115954","article-title":"Neurotransmitters-key factors in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Teleanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172891","article-title":"The influence of intestinal microbiota on BDNF levels","volume":"16","author":"Molska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.05.036","article-title":"The 5D framework: a clinical primer for fecal microbiota transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"87","author":"Allegretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)31266-8","article-title":"The evolution of the use of faecal microbiota transplantation and emerging therapeutic indications","volume":"394","author":"Allegretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109884","article-title":"New mechanism of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by gut microbiota","volume":"100","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317431","article-title":"Transfer of a healthy microbiota reduces amyloid and tau pathology in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease animal model","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0234-4","article-title":"Molecular and functional signatures in a novel Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model assessed by quantitative proteomics","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.09.002","article-title":"Transplantation of gut microbiota derived from Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model impairs memory function and neurogenesis in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010119","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation reduces pathology and improves cognition in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Elangovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520925930","article-title":"Rapid improvement in Alzheimer\u2019s disease symptoms following fecal microbiota transplantation: a case report","volume":"48","author":"Hazan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1957807","article-title":"Cognitive function improvement after fecal microbiota transplantation in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia patient: a case report","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030578","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols targeting arterial stiffness: interplay of contributing mechanisms and gut microbiome-related metabolism","volume":"11","author":"De Bruyne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040346","article-title":"Diet and mental health: review of the recent updates on molecular mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Godos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030719","article-title":"Flavanols from nature: A phytochemistry and biological activity review","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400544","article-title":"Role of intestinal microbiota in the generation of polyphenol-derived phenolic acid mediated attenuation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u03b2-amyloid oligomerization","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0226-1","article-title":"Impact of flavonoids on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration","volume":"7","author":"Flanagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054297","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids in common neurological disorders associated with aging","volume":"24","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Coria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x20666220119140835","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: the role of anthocyanins as neuroprotectants","volume":"20","author":"Banji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010102","article-title":"Blueberry supplementation in neuronal health and protective technologies for efficient delivery of blueberry anthocyanins","volume":"11","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.8.1951","article-title":"Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB activation in monocytes and reduce plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy adults","volume":"137","author":"Karlsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582119\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T01:28:45Z","timestamp":1750901325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582119\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":221,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"article-number":"1582119"}}