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Flow cytometry analysis reveals that CAS treatment increases splenic populations of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cytotoxic T cells, CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD44<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> memory T cells, and NK cells, while enhancing CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell infiltration in tumor tissue. ELISA results show elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-2) in splenic culture supernatants and serum following CAS administration. Immunofluorescence staining confirms increased expression of CD8 and IFN-\u03b3 proteins in tumor tissues of CAS-treated mice. Results indicate that CAS exerts its antitumor effects through direct cytotoxicity and by modulating both systemic and local immune responses. The dual action of CAS, which combines tumor necrosis with immunostimulation, positions it as a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. This study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying CAS\u2019s action and underscores its potential clinical applications in oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1583275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:39:21Z","timestamp":1746077961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anti-tumor effect and immune-related mechanism study of compound aluminum sulfate injection in transplanted tumor-bearing 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