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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uveitis, a group of heterogeneous diseases causing ocular inflammation, is a major contributor to vision loss globally. While systemic corticosteroids (CS) are the mainstay treatment, identifying CS-refractory patients remains a significant challenge. This study aimed to explore cytokine expression and Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) levels as biomarkers for the early detection of CS-refractory cases in non-infectious uveitis. We assayed blood samples from 19 patients with non-infectious uveitis, for the expression of IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10 and GR\u03b1. The cohort included 11 refractory and 8 sensitive patients, categorized based on their clinical response to corticosteroids (prednisone 1 mg\/kg\/day). Blood draws were conducted at three time points (at baseline, day 7- and day 14 after CS initiation), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated to measure cytokine and GR\u03b1 transcript levels via real-time PCR. The expression levels of GR\u03b1 and cytokines IL-6, IL-17A and TNF-\u03b1 did not show significant changes between CS-sensitive and CS-refractory patients on the different days of treatment. However, IL-10 expression levels as the day14-to-day7 ratio were significantly higher in patients sensitive to CS therapy. A higher day14-to-day7 ratio was also found for the IL-6\/IL-10, IL-17A\/IL-10 and GR\u03b1\/IL-10 ratios. ROC curve analysis demonstrated a robust predictive performance of IL-10 mRNA expression and the IL-6\/IL-10 ratio for identifying CS-refractory patients. In conclusion, the expression of IL-10 and the IL-6\/IL-10 ratio hold promise as early predictive biomarkers for CS treatment refractoriness in patients with non-infectious uveitis. These findings offer valuable insights into personalized treatment strategies, potentially leading to improved clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1584905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T01:30:18Z","timestamp":1747099818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["IL-10 and IL-6\/IL-10 as predictive biomarkers for treatment response in non-infectious uveitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo 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