{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:13:20Z","timestamp":1793211200605,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune-hemolytic anemia (IHA) is a rare immune-related adverse event (irAE) in cancer patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Although several cases of ICI-associated IHA have been reported, few attempts have been made to collate available information. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive description of the clinical features of ICI-associated IHA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection databases were searched for articles published in English from January 2006 to January 2025 on ICI-associated IHA. Only full-text publications reporting the clinical characteristics of patients with ICI-associated IHA were included. Two authors independently assessed the search results for eligibility and extracted the following information: author, publication year, patient characteristics, and IHA features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 54 publications, published between July 2014 and March 2024, 92 cases of ICI-associated IHA were identified, revealing a high proportion of cases in patients with melanoma (45.2%) and non-small-cell lung cancer (31%). Approximately half of the cases occurred in patients receiving ICIs as first-line systemic therapy, with IHA manifesting after a median of 3 cycles. The most frequent triggering ICIs were pembrolizumab (41.3%) and nivolumab (26.1%). A high proportion of cases involved patients with a medical history of hematolymphoid tumors (34.8%), hypertension (15.2%), and anemia\/AIHA (15.2%). Initial management involved ICI discontinuation (94.6%), high-dose glucocorticoids therapy (97.8%), and transfusion support (63%), with treatment responses achieved in most cases (91.3%). Only 2 cases reported fatal outcomes. IHA relapse was documented in only 7 of 23 (30.4%) patients who were rechallenged with an ICI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest scoping review of population-based studies, case reports, and case series on ICI-associated IHA. The evidence reviewed suggests that patients with specific comorbidities may be at higher risk of developing ICI-associated IHA. In the absence of predictive tools to individually estimate the risk of this complication, a list of frequently reported co-occurring conditions in cases of ICI-associated IHA may help select patients who could benefit from closer surveillance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1586426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T12:01:57Z","timestamp":1751544117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immune hemolytic anemia associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Juan-Manuel","family":"Hernandez-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rios-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cittim B.","family":"Palomares-Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-22-617","article-title":"International expert consensus on immunotherapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13050307","article-title":"Current landscape of cancer immunotherapy: harnessing the immune arsenal to overcome immune evasion","volume":"13","author":"Mitra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0","article-title":"Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: epidemiology, management and surveillance","volume":"16","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.07.129","article-title":"Haematological toxicities with immunotherapy in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Petrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0574","article-title":"Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"oncologist"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(18)30175-3","article-title":"Haematological immune-related adverse events induced by anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy: a descriptive observational study","volume":"6","author":"Delanoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0627-x","article-title":"Immune-mediated red cell aplasia after anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma","volume":"58","author":"Gordon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1110923","article-title":"Hemophilia A induced by ipilimumab","volume":"365","author":"Delyon","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000041","article-title":"Ipilimumab-induced autoimmune pancytopenia in a case of metastatic melanoma","volume":"37","author":"du Rusquec","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0224-7","article-title":"Ipilimumab-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)","volume":"5","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-240","article-title":"Serious haematological toxicity during and after ipilimumab treatment: a case series","volume":"8","author":"Simeone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e31819aa40b","article-title":"Neutropenia in a patient treated with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody)","volume":"32","author":"Akhtari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324709616661835","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709616661835","article-title":"Ipilimumab-induced neutropenia in melanoma","volume":"4","author":"Ban-Hoefen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0210-0","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in patients with melanoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"5","author":"Shiuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000232","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia induced by anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma","volume":"26","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100648","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: Recommendations from the First International Consensus Meeting","volume":"41","author":"Jager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Hemolytic anemia: evaluation and differential diagnosis","volume":"98","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.690","article-title":"Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia","volume":"2016","author":"Kalfa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14478","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia","volume":"176","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000036","article-title":"Defining autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a systematic review of the terminology used for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00208-7","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: current knowledge and perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Michalak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14654","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of drug-induced immune and secondary autoimmune, haemolytic anaemia","volume":"177","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13187","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer: 68 cases from the Food and Drug Administration database and review","volume":"102","author":"Tanios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-021-04690-x","article-title":"Current challenges of hematologic complications due to immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review","volume":"101","author":"Ghanem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25448","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"94","author":"Leaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1230","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1230","article-title":"PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Haddaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the world health organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hemato3010014","article-title":"Cold agglutinin disease: A distinct clonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the bone marrow","volume":"3","author":"Climent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemato"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13281","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and treatment recommendations for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hematological adverse events","volume":"11","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: american society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin oncology: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2022.07.021","article-title":"Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia","volume":"160","author":"Arguello Marina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154","article-title":"A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions","volume":"30","author":"Naranjo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-022-01254-2","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with relapsed Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma after treatment with penpulimab, a monoclonal antibody against programmed death receptor-1","volume":"40","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investigational New Drugs"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000001645","article-title":"Atezolizumab-induced direct antiglobulin test-negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia","volume":"31","author":"Khosla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220957720","article-title":"Atezolizumab-induced hemolytic anemia - A case report","volume":"27","author":"Younce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552211033009","article-title":"Rare side effect caused by atezolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor: Cold agglutinin disease","volume":"27","author":"Acikgoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2023.2216930","article-title":"Strategies to overcome the diagnostic challenges of autoimmune hemolytic anemias","volume":"16","author":"Barcellini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.01.009","article-title":"Cold agglutinin disease as a new immune-related adverse event associated with anti-PD-L1s and its treatment with rituximab","volume":"110","author":"Dutertre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018019000","article-title":"Nivolumab-induced cold agglutinin syndrome successfully treated with rituximab","volume":"2","author":"Hasanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26273","article-title":"Immune-related hematologic adverse events in the context of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"96","author":"Saliba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.113320","article-title":"Delayed cold-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia responding to Rituximab in a melanoma patient treated with Ipilimumab and Nivolumab","volume":"193","author":"Ubaldi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-243751","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cold agglutinin disease associated with low-grade B-cell lymphoma in a patient receiving pembrolizumab for lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep 14"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e924283","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.924283","article-title":"Pembrolizumab-induced cold agglutinin disease","volume":"21","author":"Atiq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S264166","article-title":"Association between RBC antigen allo-antibodies and immune-related adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for advanced cancers","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.1001-18","article-title":"Pembrolizumab-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"58","author":"Okawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.660628","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and autoimmune thrombocytopenia at diagnosis and during follow-up of Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"53","author":"Dimou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2018.1489720","article-title":"Autoimmune cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a concise review and treatment recommendations","volume":"11","author":"De Back","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-245350","article-title":"Pembrolizumab-induced autoimmune haemolytic anemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia successfully treated with ibrutinib","volume":"14","author":"Yun","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep 14"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2021.11.002","article-title":"Immunotherapy-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia","volume":"36","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0823","article-title":"Sicca syndrome associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"24","author":"Warner","year":"2019","journal-title":"oncologist"},{"key":"B52","article-title":"Icir, Sicca\/Sjogren\u2019s syndrome triggered by PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. Data from the International ImmunoCancer Registry (ICIR)","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.15005","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome associated with a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor and platinum-based chemotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Nakatsuru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0429-4","article-title":"A severe case of neuro-Sjogren\u2019s syndrome induced by pembrolizumab","volume":"6","author":"Ghosn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.0305","article-title":"Safety of programmed death-1 pathway inhibitors among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and preexisting autoimmune disorders","volume":"36","author":"Leonardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin oncology: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10062","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia","volume":"69","author":"Gehrs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08707.x","article-title":"Autoimmune cytopenia in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"154","author":"Hodgson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06513.x","article-title":"Immune anaemias in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab\u2013incidence and predictors","volume":"136","author":"Borthakur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19080\/JOJCS.2017.04.555642","article-title":"Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia preceding the diagnosis of Hodgkin\u2019s disease: a report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"59","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5580823","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5580823","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia as presenting symptom of hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"2021","author":"Burley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567289","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/567289","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and nodular lymphocyte-predominant hodgkin lymphoma: a rare association","volume":"2013","author":"Salmeron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.21037\/acr.2018.04.02","article-title":"Guidelines to authors publishing a case report: the need for quality improvement","volume":"2","author":"Bradley","year":"2018","journal-title":"AME Case Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.05.032","article-title":"Prevalence of immune-related systemic adverse events in patients treated with anti-Programmed cell Death 1\/anti-Programmed cell Death-Ligand 1 agents: A single-centre pharmacovigilance database analysis","volume":"82","author":"Le Burel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.11.031","article-title":"Atezolizumab-induced autoimmune haemolytic anaemia caused by drug-independent antibodies","volume":"162","author":"Chambers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1167759","article-title":"Case report: A rare case of acute hemolysis in advanced rectal cancer after XELOX and nivolumab treatment: analysis of drug-dependent antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000447508","article-title":"Development of hemolytic anemia in a nivolumab-treated patient with refractory metastatic squamous cell skin cancer and chronic lymphatic leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Schwab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-018-0561-5","article-title":"Exacerbation of autoimmune hemolytic anemia induced by the first dose of programmed death-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab: a case report","volume":"36","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigational New Drugs"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04181-w","article-title":"A 71-year-old male with a life-threatening recurrence of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury after pembrolizumab therapy: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-221801","article-title":"Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia receiving nivolumab and intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"2018","author":"Algaze","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep 2018"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02163.x","article-title":"Clinical significance of serologic markers related to red blood cell autoantibodies production after red blood cell transfusion-severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring after transfusion and alloimmunization: successful treatment with rituximab","volume":"49","author":"Sigler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2020.1846735","article-title":"Severe treatment-resistant autoimmune haemolytic anaemia following ipilimumab in a patient with metastatic melanoma and CLL","volume":"62","author":"Jobson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000400","article-title":"Markers of autoimmunity in immune thrombocytopenia: prevalence and prognostic significance","volume":"3","author":"Hollenhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2019.1581774","article-title":"Individual and sta ble autoantibody repertoires in healthy individuals","volume":"52","author":"Neiman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.4368","article-title":"Ipilimumab therapy in patients with advanced melanoma and preexisting autoimmune disorders","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw443","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with advanced melanoma and preexisting autoimmune disorders or major toxicity with ipilimumab","volume":"28","author":"Menzies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann oncology: Off J Eur Soc Med Oncology\/ESMO"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2073","article-title":"Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of patients with cancer and preexisting autoimmune disease: A systematic review","volume":"168","author":"Abdel-Wahab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41068","article-title":"Club rhumatismes et, safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer and preexisting autoimmune disease: A nationwide, multicenter cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Tison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.625872","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer and preexisting autoimmune disease","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2023.05.006","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients and preexisting autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Aung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1586426\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T12:01:58Z","timestamp":1751544118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1586426\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1586426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1586426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"article-number":"1586426"}}