{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:54:50Z","timestamp":1791244490570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02NUK073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02NUK073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low dose radiotherapy (LDRT) is a radiation technique in the treatment of benign conditions to relieve symptoms and improve mobility and pain with minimal overall side effects. There are many reports describing the use of LDRT in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), tendinitis and hyperproliferative disorders. The targeted diseases are complex and multifactorial, characterized by inflammation, cellular alterations, and tissue degeneration, affecting millions of people worldwide with increasing prevalence due to aging populations. However, an understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as the underlying biological and physical mechanisms is important for the clinical-practical application, as a foundation for empirical clinical studies and state-of-the-art patient treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the broad use of LDRT in the treatment of benign diseases with well-described and illustrated overviews of the pathomechanisms of OA, tendinitis, bursitis, benign fibromatoses and hyperproliferative diseases. The biological, physical, and molecular mechanisms behind it are also described. We further provide a broad overview of studies as well as current discussions of the therapy such as risk assessment, treatment frequency and dosage, along with future perspectives to improve clinical application overall. Taken together, this review illustrates the multifaceted application of (LD)RT, emphasizing that each disease requires a unique treatment approach due to the wide variation in pathology, biological mechanisms, target volumes, and organs at risk, but it also highlights the need for well-designed (placebo)-controlled studies in a range of indications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1588470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:22:50Z","timestamp":1759983770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["From essential basic understanding to clinical application \u2013 biological, physical and pathophysiological principles of (low-dose) radiotherapy in benign diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Deloch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Rene","family":"Steike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Pascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Thole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Shariff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Sonnhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Blach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Socher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Gomez","family":"Ordonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horacio Ayala","family":"Gaona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Muecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobby","family":"Koneru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Putz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Trombetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans T.","family":"Eich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Fietkau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weissmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Radiation Therapy for Benign Conditions: A Systematic Review","volume-title":"H.S.R. Evidence Synthesis Program, Office of and D.o.V.A","author":"Jutkowitz","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150405","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150405","article-title":"Radiotherapy for benign disease; assessing the risk of radiation-induced cancer following exposure to intermediate dose radiation","volume":"88","author":"McKeown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.04.029","article-title":"The use of low-dose radiation therapy in osteoarthritis: A review","volume":"114","author":"Dove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Radiat OncologyBiologyPhysics"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Radiation therapy for benign conditions: A, D.E.S.P. Systematic review. Washington, health systems research, office of and D.o.V.A.V.E.P.-","author":"Jutkowitz","year":"","journal-title":"Res Dev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2020.02.004","article-title":"Low-Dose radiation therapy for benign pathologies","volume":"25","author":"Torres Royo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rep Pract Oncol Radiother"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.04.040","article-title":"Low dose radiotherapy for osteoarthritis: A retrospective single institution analysis of 69 patients and 168 joints","volume":"123","author":"Koneru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4078\/jrd.2017.24.2.74","article-title":"Radiotherapy, a new treatment option for non-malignant disorders: radiobiological mechanisms, clinical applications, and radiation risk","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"jrd"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-022-02038-6","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy of osteoarthritis: from biological findings to clinical effects-challenges for future studies","volume":"199","author":"Weissmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"158","article-title":"Strahlentherapie gutartiger Erkrankungen, Fachgruppenspezifische evidenzbasierte S2e-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Radioonkologie (DEGRO), V 3.0","author":"Erkrankungen","year":"2022"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150080","article-title":"Diseases, Radiotherapy for non-malignant disorders: state of the art and update of the evidence-based practice guidelines","volume":"88","author":"Seegenschmiedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-021-01816-y","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy for painful osteoarthritis of the elderly: A multicenter analysis of 970 patients with 1185 treated sites","volume":"197","author":"R\u00fchle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-019-01563-1","article-title":"Radiotherapy for osteoarthritis-an analysis of 295 joints treated with a linear accelerator","volume":"196","author":"Hautmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-023-01296-1","article-title":"Economic and humanistic burden of osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review of large sample studies","volume":"41","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.07.015","article-title":"Current and future impact of osteoarthritis on health care: a population-based study with projections to year 2032","volume":"22","author":"Turkiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990\u20132020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.106100","article-title":"Return to work and productivity loss after surgery: A health economic evaluation","volume":"95","author":"Hah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02717-7","article-title":"Perioperative outcome, long-term mortality and time trends in elderly patients undergoing low-, intermediate- or major non-cardiac surgery","volume":"36","author":"Tjeertes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2010.11.011","article-title":"Preventing postoperative complications in the elderly","volume":"29","author":"Sieber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Radiotherapy for benign diseases -Specialist group-specific evidence-based S2e guideline of the German Society for Radiation Oncology (DEGRO)","year":"2022"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24457","article-title":"Role of inflammation and the immune system in the progression of osteoarthritis","volume":"38","author":"Woodell-May","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00356","article-title":"T cells in osteoarthritis: alterations and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S413578","article-title":"Effects of immune cells and cytokines on different cells in OA","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86319-7","article-title":"Screening of osteoarthritis diagnostic markers based on immune-related genes and immune infiltration","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143178","article-title":"Gender and sex are key determinants in osteoarthritis not only confounding variables. A systematic review of clinical data","volume":"10","author":"Tschon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.09.014","article-title":"Post-traumatic osteoarthritis progression is diminished by early mechanical unloading and anti-inflammatory treatment in mice","volume":"29","author":"Hsia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2023.100335","article-title":"Post-surgical contributors to persistent knee pain following knee replacement: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST)","volume":"5","author":"Aoyagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil Open"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"37","article-title":"Osteoarthritis pathogenesis - a complex process that involves the entire joint","volume":"7","author":"Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01330-w","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: pathogenic signaling pathways and therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00749-9","article-title":"Synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis progression","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez-Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1523027","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of knee osteoarthritis: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Shtroblia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.10.003","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and tendinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Lui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051193","article-title":"Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy","volume":"43","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095422","article-title":"Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research","volume":"50","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg448","article-title":"The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective","volume":"43","author":"Riley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080447","article-title":"Tendinopathy: pathophysiology, therapeutic options, and role of nutraceutics. A narrative literature review","volume":"55","author":"Loiacono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.12.012","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy for benign painful skeletal disorders: the typical treatment for the elderly patient","volume":"98","author":"Micke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3145-8.00003-X","article-title":"3 - Connective tissue","volume-title":"A System of Orthopaedic Medicine","author":"Ombregt","year":"2013"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152527","article-title":"The immune pathology of bursitis in rheumatic inflammatory diseases, degenerative conditions and mechanical stress: A systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.09.022","article-title":"The molecular pathophysiology of subacromial bursitis in rotator cuff disease","volume":"14","author":"Blaine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg 14"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.05.017","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases are expressed in the subacromial bursa in patients with rotator cuff disease","volume":"21","author":"Voloshin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1025-y","article-title":"Radiotherapy for calcaneodynia, achillodynia, painful gonarthrosis, bursitis trochanterica, and painful shoulder syndrome - Early and late results of a prospective clinical quality assessment","volume":"13","author":"Micke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12304","article-title":"Management of aggressive fibromatosis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-019-00985-8","article-title":"Desmoid-type fibromatosis-clinical study of an uncommon disease","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-009-2049-x","article-title":"Radiation therapy for early stages of morbus Ledderhose","volume":"186","author":"Heyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000004072","article-title":"Creation of a novel classification system (PTNM) for peyronie\u2019s disease and penile curvature using evidence-based criteria","volume":"212","author":"Trost","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fjurol.2024.102759","article-title":"When fibrosis intersect: Association and risk factors between Peyronie\u2019s and Dupuytren\u2019s diseases","volume":"34","author":"Lethuillier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fr J Urol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/19-008","article-title":"Radiotherapy for plantar fibromas (Ledderhose disease)","volume":"112","author":"Mozena","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00519","article-title":"Basics of radiation biology when treating hyperproliferative benign diseases","volume":"8","author":"R\u00f6del","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2019.06.004","article-title":"The etiology of peyronie\u2019s disease: pathogenesis and genetic contributions","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2023.03.001","article-title":"A case study of radiotherapy treatment for Dupuytren\u2019s contracture and Ledderhose disease","volume":"48","author":"Solie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-015-0818-2","article-title":"DEGRO guidelines for the radiotherapy of non-malignant disorders: part III: hyperproliferative disorders","volume":"191","author":"Seegenschmiedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-003-0994-3","article-title":"Radiation therapy for Morbus Ledderhose \u2013 indication and clinical results","volume":"179","author":"Seegenschmiedt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.02.003","article-title":"Pharmacotherapies in dupuytren disease: current and novel strategies","volume":"48","author":"Lambi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Handb Surg Am"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)01640-6","article-title":"Radiation prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification about the hip joint\u2013a multicenter study","volume":"51","author":"Seegenschmiedt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2006.02.009","article-title":"2nd, Heterotopic ossification about the elbow: a therapist\u2019s guide to evaluation and management","volume":"19","author":"Casavant","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Handb Ther"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.32842","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification associated with knee dislocation","volume":"18","author":"Stannard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-005-0054-y","article-title":"Prevention of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients with total hip arthroplasty: the experience of a combined therapeutic protocol","volume":"30","author":"Pakos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-011-0240-5","article-title":"Heterotopic ossifications following implant surgery\u2013epidemiology, therapeutical approaches and current concepts","volume":"33","author":"Zeckey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical aspects, differential diagnosis and histogenesis of heterotopic ossification","volume":"146","author":"Bosse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Veroff Pathol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3860142","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3860142","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification: A challenging complication of total hip arthroplasty: risk factors, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment","volume":"2019","author":"\u0141\u0119gosz","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)00285-X","article-title":"Prevention of heterotopic ossification about the hip: final results of two randomized trials in 410 patients using either preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy","volume":"39","author":"Seegenschmiedt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/mrm.2024.957","article-title":"Gorham-Stout disease and multiple cervical lymphangiomas: case report","volume":"19","author":"Amezquita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.110407","article-title":"Unraveling a rare encounter: Gorham\u2019s disease in an 88-year-old female","volume":"124","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670842","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/670842","article-title":"Molecular, phenotypic aspects and therapeutic horizons of rare genetic bone disorders","volume":"2014","author":"Faruqi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.01.006","article-title":"Radiation therapy for Gorham-Stout syndrome: results of a national patterns-of-care study and literature review","volume":"81","author":"Heyd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(93)90968-2","article-title":"Gorham\u2019s massive osteolysis: the role of radiation therapy and a review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Dunbar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5489","article-title":"Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules\u2013mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection","volume":"21","author":"Reisz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2017.1286050","article-title":"Radiation interactions with biological systems","volume":"93","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2016.02.002","article-title":"Systemic mechanisms and effects of ionizing radiation: A new \u2018old\u2019 paradigm of how the bystanders and distant can become the players","author":"Nikitaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1409300","article-title":"The future of cancer treatment: combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Dagar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12572","article-title":"Immunomodulation by ionizing radiation-impact for design of radio-immunotherapies and for treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"280","author":"Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00141","article-title":"Modern radiotherapy concepts and the impact of radiation on immune activation","volume":"6","author":"Deloch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00505","article-title":"Radio-immunotherapy-induced immunogenic cancer cells as basis for induction of systemic anti-tumor immune responses - pre-clinical evidence and ongoing clinical applications","volume":"6","author":"Derer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106212","article-title":"Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system","volume":"149","author":"Lumniczky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113574","article-title":"Clinically relevant radiation exposure differentially impacts forms of cell death in human cells of the innate and adaptive immune system","volume":"19","author":"Falcke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-020-01662-4","article-title":"Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes and therapeutic response of heel spur patients treated by orthovoltage X-rays or a linear accelerator","volume":"196","author":"Zahnreich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-24-00040.1","article-title":"Abscopal effects, clastogenic effects and bystander effects: 70 years of non-targeted effects of radiation","volume":"202","author":"Lyng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2022.2078006","article-title":"The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures","volume":"99","author":"Buonanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00120","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties and molecular effects in inflammatory diseases of low-dose x-irradiation","volume":"2","author":"R\u00f6del","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.777792","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy leads to a systemic anti-inflammatory shift in the pre-clinical K\/bxN serum transfer model and reduces osteoarthritic pain in patients","volume":"12","author":"Weissmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.740742","article-title":"Low dose radiation therapy induces long-lasting reduction of pain and immune modulations in the peripheral blood - interim analysis of the IMMO-LDRT01 trial","volume":"12","author":"Donaubauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2018.1486515","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of low-dose ionizing radiation on human endothelial cells","volume":"95","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.8.1592209","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of endothelial cell function","volume":"6","author":"Mantovani","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2010.521232","article-title":"Role of endothelial chemokines and their receptors during inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Speyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712800099866","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory immune reactions by low-dose ionizing radiation: molecular mechanisms and clinical application","volume":"19","author":"R\u00f6del","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000210137671","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of low-dose X-irradiation and the involvement of a TGF-beta1-induced down-regulation of leukocyte\/endothelial cell adhesion","volume":"78","author":"Roedel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010072","article-title":"ROS- and radiation source-dependent modulation of leukocyte adhesion to primary microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Eckert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00922","article-title":"Ionizing radiation induces morphological changes and immunological modulation of jurkat cells","volume":"9","author":"Voos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2007.10.032","article-title":"Time course of anti-inflammatory effect of low-dose radiotherapy: correlation with TGF-beta(1) expression","volume":"86","author":"Arenas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2012.747522","article-title":"Reduced secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1\u03b2 by stimulated peritoneal macrophages of radiosensitive Balb\/c mice after exposure to 0.5 or 0.7 Gy of ionizing radiation","volume":"46","author":"Frischholz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2018.1490037","article-title":"Ionizing radiation reduces the capacity of activated macrophages to induce T-cell proliferation, but does not trigger dendritic cell-mediated non-targeted effects","volume":"95","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161750","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3161750","article-title":"Low-dose irradiation differentially impacts macrophage phenotype in dependence of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and radiation dose","volume":"2019","author":"Deloch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.817281","article-title":"Modulation of differentiation and bone resorbing activity of human (Pre-) osteoclasts after X-ray exposure","volume":"13","author":"Eckert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01834","article-title":"Low-Dose Radiotherapy Ameliorates Advanced Arthritis in hTNF-\u03b1 tg Mice by Particularly Positively Impacting on Bone Metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Deloch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103197","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy has no harmful effects on key cells of healthy non-inflamed joints","volume":"19","author":"Deloch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-015-0865-8","article-title":"DEGRO practical guidelines for radiotherapy of non-malignant disorders: Part I: physical principles, radiobiological mechanisms, and radiogenic risk","volume":"191","author":"Reichl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-024-02329-0","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of kilo- and megavoltage energies in low-dose radiotherapy for painful degenerative musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"201","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Strahlentherapie und Onkologie"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-014-0757-3","article-title":"DEGRO guidelines for the radiotherapy of non-malignant disorders. Part II: Painful degenerative skeletal disorders","volume":"191","author":"Ott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1688.1","article-title":"Radiation cataractogenesis: a review of recent studies","volume":"172","author":"Ainsbury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-020-01635-7","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy for COVID-19 pneumopathy: what is the evidence","volume":"196","author":"R\u00f6del","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2017.1284819","article-title":"Modulation of the peripheral immune system after low-dose radon spa therapy: Detailed longitudinal immune monitoring of patients within the RAD-ON01 study","volume":"50","author":"R\u00fchle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B102","article-title":"Society, and for radiation oncology (DEGRO)","year":""},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.01.027","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers","volume":"65","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3069","article-title":"Assessing the risk of second Malignancies after modern radiotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Newhauser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2005.06.034","article-title":"Estimation of the carcinogenic risk of radiotherapy of benign diseases from shoulder to heel","volume":"76","author":"Jansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0828-1","article-title":"Gonad shielding in pelvic radiography: modern optimised X-ray systems might allow its discontinuation","volume":"11","author":"Jeukens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B107","volume-title":"Environmental protection - the concept and use of reference animals and plants","year":"2008"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000674","article-title":"Appropriate use of effective dose in radiation protection and risk assessment","volume":"113","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2014.0097","article-title":"Correlation between effective dose and radiological risk: general concepts","volume":"49","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21898","article-title":"Lifetime risk and age at diagnosis of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the US","volume":"65","author":"Losina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13494.1","article-title":"Skin cancer incidence among atomic bomb survivors from 1958 to 1996","volume":"181","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3579391","article-title":"Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950-1990","volume":"146","author":"Pierce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14492.1","article-title":"Solid cancer incidence among the life span study of atomic bomb survivors: 1958-2009","volume":"187","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq346","article-title":"Cancer risks after radiation exposure in middle age","volume":"102","author":"Shuryak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-014-0618-0","article-title":"Radiotherapy for benign calcaneodynia: long-term results of the Erlangen Dose Optimization (EDO) trial","volume":"190","author":"Ott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-018-1412-1","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy: Mayday, mayday","volume":"195","author":"Ott","year":"2019","journal-title":"We\u2019ve been hit! Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-010-2063-z","article-title":"Radiotherapy in early-stage Dupuytren\u2019s contracture. Long-term results after 13 years","volume":"186","author":"Betz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165854","article-title":"Low dose radiation therapy, particularly with 0.5 gy, improves pain in degenerative joint disease of the fingers: results of a retrospective analysis","volume":"21","author":"Donaubauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-015-0893-4","article-title":"Radiotherapy for benign achillodynia. Long-term results of the Erlangen Dose Optimization Trial","volume":"191","author":"Ott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-012-0237-6","article-title":"Benign painful shoulder syndrome: initial results of a single-center prospective randomized radiotherapy dose-optimization trial","volume":"188","author":"Ott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-012-0179-z","article-title":"Benign painful elbow syndrome. First results of a single center prospective randomized radiotherapy dose optimization trial","volume":"188","author":"Ott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-013-0520-1","article-title":"The Erlangen Dose Optimization Trial for radiotherapy of benign painful shoulder syndrome. Long-term results","volume":"190","author":"Ott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-013-0504-1","article-title":"The Erlangen Dose Optimization trial for low-dose radiotherapy of benign painful elbow syndrome. Long-term results","volume":"190","author":"Ott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-012-0256-3","article-title":"Radiotherapy for calcaneodynia. Results of a single center prospective randomized dose optimization trial","volume":"189","author":"Ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-012-0240-y","article-title":"Radiotherapy for achillodynia: results of a single-center prospective randomized dose-optimization trial","volume":"189","author":"Ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051482","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) against cancer and inflammatory or degenerative diseases: three parallel stories with a common molecular mechanism involving the nucleoshuttling of the ATM protein","volume":"15","author":"Le Reun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-019-01500-2","article-title":"Re-irradiation for osteoarthritis-retrospective analysis of 217 joints","volume":"195","author":"Hautmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00805-0","article-title":"Current sexual functioning in 106 patients with Peyronie\u2019s disease treated with radiotherapy 9 years earlier","volume":"56","author":"Incrocci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00505-8","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy in 179 patients with Peyronie\u2019s disease: treatment outcome and current sexual functioning","volume":"47","author":"Incrocci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000539782","article-title":"Post-excision soft X-ray radiotherapy for keloids: experience in a tertiary referral center","volume":"240","author":"Ramelyte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2014.01.005","article-title":"Postoperative management of keloids: low-dose-rate and high-dose-rate brachytherapy","volume":"13","author":"De Cicco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2004.04.010","article-title":"Adjuvant high dose rate brachytherapy (Ir-192) in the management of keloids which have recurred after surgical excision and external radiation","volume":"73","author":"Garg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00204-1","article-title":"Preoperative irradiation versus the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for prevention of heterotopic ossification following total hip replacement: the results of a randomized trial","volume":"42","author":"K\u00f6lbl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00195","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of changes in pain levels, quality of life and functionality after low dose radiotherapy for epicondylitis, plantar fasciitis, and finger osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214104","article-title":"Effectiveness of low-dose radiation therapy on symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomised, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Mahler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.06.010","article-title":"Lack of beneficial effects of low-dose radiation therapy on hand osteoarthritis symptoms and inflammation: a randomised, blinded, sham-controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Minten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B138","article-title":"How radiotherapy was historically used to treat pneumonia: could it be useful today","volume":"86","author":"Calabrese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559325820956800","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325820956800","article-title":"Immunomodulation through low-dose radiation for severe COVID-19: lessons from the past and new developments","volume":"18","author":"Hanekamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092212","article-title":"COVID-19: the disease, the immunological challenges, the treatment with pharmaceuticals and low-dose ionizing radiation","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70137","article-title":"and meta-analysis of low dose radiation therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia: learnings of 4\u2009Years since pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Yadav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1182927","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy suppresses viral pneumonia by enhancing broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory responses via transforming growth factor-\u03b2 production","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.65033","article-title":"Is low-dose lung radiotherapy for severe COVID-19 pneumonia a therapeutic alternative","volume":"16","author":"Safini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230022","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20230022","article-title":"Efficacy of low-dose lung radiotherapy in the management of COVID-19 patients: a randomised, open-label study","volume":"96","author":"Dinakar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_656_24","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia: Comparison of dosimetry and life-time attributable risk of cancer with conventional AP-PA fields and bone marrow sparing VMAT","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.31661\/jbpe.v0i0.2206-1514","article-title":"Time reveals the truth! What treatments for COVID-19 were quickly abandoned, and which methods, contrary to popular belief, are still flourishing","volume":"14","author":"Bevelacqua","year":"2024","journal-title":"J BioMed Phys Eng"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31661\/jbpe.v0i0.2006-1125","article-title":"Low dose radiation therapy and convalescent plasma: how a hybrid method may maximize benefits for COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J BioMed Phys Eng"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.03.044","article-title":"Low-dose whole brain radiation therapy for alzheimer\u2019s dementia: results from a pilot trial in humans","volume":"117","author":"Rogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.11.044","article-title":"Radiation therapy in alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Kaul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230241","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy and safety using low dose radiation therapy with alzheimer\u2019s disease: A protocol for multicenter phase II clinical trial","volume":"95","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3857\/roj.2023.00052","article-title":"The effects of low-dose radiation therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: an interim analysis of a pilot study","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol J"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-024-02336-1","article-title":"Small dose-big effect? The use of low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD)","volume":"201","author":"Fliedner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmp.2024.01.002","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and low-dose radiation therapy: A new hope","volume":"5","author":"Dunlap","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat Med Prot"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81602-z","article-title":"Reduction of pTau and APP levels in mammalian brain after low-dose radiation","volume":"11","author":"Iacono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215510","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy reduces amyloid load in young 3xTg-AD mice","volume":"86","author":"Ceyz\u00e9riat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-231153","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy impacts microglial inflammatory response without modulating amyloid load in female tgF344-AD rats","volume":"98","author":"Ceyz\u00e9riat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02673-x","article-title":"Low-dose brain irradiation normalizes TSPO and CLUSTERIN levels and promotes the non-amyloidogenic pathway in pre-symptomatic TgF344-AD rats","volume":"19","author":"Ceyz\u00e9riat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03373-0","article-title":"Investigating the synergistic potential of low-dose HDAC3 inhibition and radiotherapy in alzheimer\u2019s disease models","volume":"60","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/197140090802100513","article-title":"Localized amyloidosis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the rationale for weekly long-term low dose amyloid-based fractionated radiotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Bistolfi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202436184.84","article-title":"Low-dose radiation therapy for neurological disorders: A double-edged sword","volume":"36","author":"Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1588470\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:22:52Z","timestamp":1759983772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1588470\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":160,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1588470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1588470","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"article-number":"1588470"}}