{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:45:22Z","timestamp":1785293122781,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In contact hypersensitivity (CHS), local immune memory is established in previously affected skin through the formation of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> tissue-resident memory T (T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>) cells. This memory contributes to disease recurrence by enhancing local antigen responsiveness and is maintained in the long term by T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells, particularly CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance and reactivation of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells remain unclear. We herein examined the cellular niches persistently interacting with CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in na\u00efve and CHS-healed mouse ear skin. Most CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were scattered in the dermis and colocalized with Folr2<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> macrophages, a previously unrecognized skin macrophage population, suggesting a physical interaction. In contrast, fewer than 20% of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells colocalized with dendritic cells (DCs) or other cell lineages. The administration of an anti-colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) antibody depleted nearly all Folr2<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> macrophages and several other myeloid cells, while the maintenance and reactivation of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells as well as other \u03b1\u03b2 T cells in healed skin remained unaffected. Moreover, in macrophage-depleted healed skin, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells did not establish new interactions with remaining antigen-presenting cells, and their contact rate with DCs remained unchanged. These results indicate that local immune memory in CHS-experienced skin is maintained and functions independently of CSF1R-dependent myeloid cells, including Folr2<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> macrophages, despite their predominant colocalization with skin CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T<jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub> cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1590687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T04:10:35Z","timestamp":1753675835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CD4+ skin resident memory T cells preferentially colocalize with dermal Folr2hi macrophages in contact hypersensitivity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Murata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tokoyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000763","article-title":"Role of tissue-resident memory T cells in the pathophysiology of allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"21","author":"Lefevre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13327","article-title":"Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment","volume":"81","author":"Ahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Flare-up reaction on murine contact hypersensitivity. I. Description of an experimental model: rechallenge system","volume":"67","author":"Yamashita","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Induction of immunological memory in the skin. Role of local T cell retention","volume":"51","author":"Scheper","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1993.tb03848.x","article-title":"Reactivity and persistence of local immunological memory on murine contact hypersensitivity","volume":"20","author":"Natsuaki","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1718","article-title":"Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus","volume":"10","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3860","article-title":"Common clonal origin of central and resident memory T cells following skin immunization","volume":"21","author":"Gaide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-020220","article-title":"The multifaceted role of tissue-resident memory T cells","volume":"42","author":"Christo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-093019-112809","article-title":"Tissue-resident immune cells in humans","volume":"40","author":"Gray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqae006","article-title":"The emerging role of effector functions exerted by tissue-resident memory T cells","volume":"5","author":"Iijima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oxf Open Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01510-4","article-title":"CD4+ T cell memory","volume":"24","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00853-1","article-title":"Assessing the generation of tissue resident memory T cells by vaccines","volume":"23","author":"Rotrosen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00590-3","article-title":"The precursors of CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells: from lymphoid organs to infected tissues","volume":"22","author":"Kok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2017.60","article-title":"Sustained accumulation of antigen-presenting cells after infection promotes local T-cell immunity","volume":"95","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.042","article-title":"Staged development of long-lived T-cell receptor \u03b1\u03b2 T H 17 resident memory T-cell population to Candida albicans after skin infection","volume":"142","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181077","article-title":"Viral MHCI inhibition evades tissue-resident memory T cell formation and responses","volume":"216","author":"Lauron","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.002","article-title":"Keratinocyte-mediated activation of the cytokine TGF-\u03b2 Maintains skin recirculating memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"50","author":"Hirai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10339","article-title":"Different patterns of peripheral migration by memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells","volume":"477","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.048","article-title":"Inhibitory checkpoint receptors control CD8+ resident memory T cells to prevent skin allergy","volume":"143","author":"Gamradt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00775","article-title":"CD4+ Resident memory T cells mediate long-term local skin immune memory of contact hypersensitivity in BALB\/c mice","volume":"11","author":"Murata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1619","article-title":"Increased CCL27\u2013CCR10 expression in allergic contact dermatitis: implications for local skin memory","volume":"204","author":"Moed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.09.015","article-title":"Retinoic acid and TGF-\u03b2 orchestrate organ-specific programs of tissue residency","volume":"57","author":"Obers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.008","article-title":"T-box transcription factors combine with the cytokines TGF-\u03b2 and IL-15 to control tissue-resident memory T cell fate","volume":"43","author":"Mackay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.022","article-title":"Competition for active TGF\u03b2 Cytokine allows for selective retention of antigen-specific tissue- resident memory T cells in the epidermal niche","volume":"54","author":"Hirai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi8885","article-title":"Divergent molecular networks program functionally distinct CD8+ skin-resident memory T cells","volume":"382","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3962","article-title":"Hair follicle\u2013derived IL-7 and IL-15 mediate skin-resident memory T cell homeostasis and lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Adachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219932120","article-title":"Cross-presenting Langerhans cells are required for the early reactivation of resident CD8+ memory T cells in the epidermis","volume":"120","author":"Kamenjarin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322292111","article-title":"Persistence of skin-resident memory T cells within an epidermal niche","volume":"111","author":"Zaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf9393","article-title":"Two sides of the same coin: Protective versus pathogenic CD4+ resident memory T cells","volume":"7","author":"Oja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01214","article-title":"Niches for the long-term maintenance of tissue-resident memory T cells","volume":"9","author":"Takamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11514","article-title":"Skin CD4+ memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation","volume":"7","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq3254","article-title":"Local IL-23 is required for proliferation and retention of skin-resident memory TH 17 cells","volume":"7","author":"Whitley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199801)28:01<390::AID-IMMU390>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Virus-specific major MHC class II-restricted TCR-transgenic mice: effects on humoral and cellular immune responses after viral infection","volume":"28","author":"Oxenius","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149243","article-title":"\u03b1\u03b2 T cells replacing dermal and epidermal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in Tcrd\u2013\/\u2013 mice express an MHC-independent TCR repertoire","volume":"51","author":"Binz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92900","article-title":"Imaging protective mast cells in living mice during severe contact hypersensitivity","volume":"2","author":"Reber","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-031931","article-title":"Spatiotemporal adaptations of macrophage and dendritic cell development and function","volume":"40","author":"Roquilly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00848-y","article-title":"Tissue-specific macrophages: how they develop and choreograph tissue biology","volume":"23","author":"Mass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-081022-113627","article-title":"Origin and heterogeneity of tissue myeloid cells: A focus on GMP-derived monocytes and neutrophils","volume":"41","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.005","article-title":"Monocyte differentiation within tissues: a renewed outlook","volume":"44","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add1967","article-title":"Resident tissue macrophages: Key coordinators of tissue homeostasis beyond immunity","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171608","article-title":"Unveiling skin macrophage dynamics explains both tattoo persistence and strenuous removal","volume":"215","author":"Baranska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250004","article-title":"Mouse dendritic cells and other myeloid subtypes in healthy lymph nodes and skin: 26-Color flow cytometry panel for immune phenotyping","volume":"52","author":"Hornsteiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.004","article-title":"Origins and functional specialization of macrophages and of conventional and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in mouse skin","volume":"39","author":"Tamoutounour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.08.015","article-title":"Unsupervised high-dimensional analysis aligns dendritic cells across tissues and species","volume":"45","author":"Guilliams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf7777","article-title":"Three tissue resident macrophage subsets coexist across organs with conserved origins and life cycles","volume":"7","author":"Dick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.06.008","article-title":"Langerhans cells \u2013 the macrophage in dendritic cell clothing","volume":"38","author":"Doebel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01768","article-title":"Uncovering the mysteries of langerhans cells, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells, and monocyte-derived langerhans cell-like cells in the epidermis","volume":"9","author":"Otsuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9546","article-title":"TIM-4 is differentially expressed in the distinct subsets of dendritic cells in skin and skin-draining lymph nodes and controls skin Langerhans cell homeostasis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-266296","article-title":"An antibody against the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor depletes the resident subset of monocytes and tissue- and tumor-associated macrophages but does not inhibit inflammation","volume":"116","author":"MacDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579000","article-title":"Inhibition of IL-34 unveils tissue-selectivity and is sufficient to reduce microglial proliferation in a model of chronic neurodegeneration","volume":"11","author":"Obst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.111","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the mouse colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primitive progenitor cell frequencies, and reproductive defects","volume":"99","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1307","article-title":"Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091756","article-title":"The origin and development of nonlymphoid tissue CD103+ DCs","volume":"206","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.033","article-title":"Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells eliminate senescent cells by targeting cytomegalovirus antigen","volume":"186","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01551-7","article-title":"Skin T cells maintain their diversity and functionality in the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Koguchi-Yoshioka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2024.100324","article-title":"Langerhans cells directly interact with resident T cells in the human epidermis","volume":"5","author":"Oka","year":"2025","journal-title":"JID Innov"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103757","article-title":"CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells in immune disorders and cancer: Prospects and hurdles in immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Alam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf0567","article-title":"Inflammatory CD4\/CD8 double-positive human T cells arise from reactive CD8 T cells and are sufficient to mediate GVHD pathology","volume":"9","author":"Hess","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20212169","article-title":"Tumor-induced double positive T cells display distinct lineage commitment mechanisms and functions","volume":"219","author":"SChad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.886645","article-title":"Double negative T regulatory cells: an emerging paradigm shift in reproductive immune tolerance","volume":"13","author":"Bafor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05132-8","article-title":"Double-negative T cells ameliorate psoriasis by selectively inhibiting IL-17A-producing \u03b3\u03b4low T cells","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.816005","article-title":"CD3+CD4-CD8- (Double-negative) T cells in inflammation, immune disorders and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.624013","article-title":"Rapid Isolation of Functional ex vivo Human Skin Tissue-Resident Memory T Lymphocytes","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2992","article-title":"Perivascular leukocyte clusters are essential for efficient activation of effector T cells in the skin","volume":"15","author":"Natsuaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01273-4","article-title":"Runx3 drives a CD8+ T cell tissue residency program that is absent in CD4+ T cells","volume":"23","author":"Fonseca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.618897","article-title":"Pathophysiology of skin resident memory T cells","volume":"11","author":"Tokura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257530","article-title":"A local macrophage chemokine network sustains protective tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells","volume":"346","author":"Iijima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.082","article-title":"The salivary gland acts as a sink for tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells, facilitating protection from local cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"13","author":"Thom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0298-5","article-title":"Hobit- and Blimp-1-driven CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells control chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Zundler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.09.003","article-title":"T cell receptor is required for differentiation, but not maintenance, of intestinal CD4+ Intraepithelial lymphocytes","volume":"53","author":"Bilate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03351-3","article-title":"Expansible residence decentralizes immune homeostasis","volume":"592","author":"Wijeyesinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa124","article-title":"Identification of flucloxacillin-haptenated HLA-B*57:01 ligands: evidence of antigen processing and presentation","volume":"177","author":"Waddington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149513","article-title":"Dendritic cell functions in vivo: A user\u2019s guide to current and next- generation mutant mouse models","volume":"52","author":"Dalod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7837-3_22","article-title":"Genetic models of macrophage depletion","volume-title":"Macrophages. Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Hua","year":"2018"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010137","article-title":"The ABCs of antigen presentation by stromal non-professional antigen-presenting cells","volume":"23","author":"Harryvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3754","article-title":"Atypical MHC class II-expressing antigen-presenting cells: can anything replace a dendritic cell","volume":"14","author":"Kambayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3396","article-title":"Stromal cells control the epithelial residence of DCs and memory T cells by regulated activation of TGF-\u03b2","volume":"17","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1590687\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T04:10:37Z","timestamp":1753675837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1590687\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1590687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1590687","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"article-number":"1590687"}}