{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:15:33Z","timestamp":1793330133396,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer is a prevalent malignancy, with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) presenting a significant therapeutic challenge. Standard treatments, including radical cystectomy (RC) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, pose substantial risks and impact quality of life, leading to increasing interest in bladder-preserving therapies (BPT). Immunotherapy has revolutionized bladder cancer management, with strategies ranging from intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) to immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). In BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), PD-1 inhibitors such as pembrolizumab offer promising response rates. In MIBC, neoadjuvant immunotherapy with agents like atezolizumab and pembrolizumab improves pathological complete response (pCR) and facilitates bladder preservation. Combination regimens integrating radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy not only enhance treatment efficacy but also exploit mechanisms such as immunogenic cell death and antigen release that further augment antitumor immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive bladder cancer, highlighting their clinical applications and future potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1591379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:38:24Z","timestamp":1745991504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive bladder cancer: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23664","article-title":"et al: Can uric acid affect the immune microenvironment in bladder cancer? A single-center multi-omics study","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.05.041","article-title":"EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: update 2016","volume":"71","author":"Babjuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.03.055","article-title":"European association of urology guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2020 guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Witjes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.12.002","article-title":"Differential complication rates following radical cystectomy in the irradiated and nonirradiated pelvis","volume":"57","author":"Ramani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.11.015","article-title":"Use of potentially curative therapies for muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the United States: results from the National Cancer Data Base","volume":"63","author":"Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.564779","article-title":"Trimodal therapy vs. Radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2017.10.002","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the oncological long-term outcomes after trimodality therapy and radical cystectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"36","author":"Fahmy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2015.02.002","article-title":"Trimodality therapy in bladder cancer: who, what, and when","volume":"42","author":"Premo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.08.023","article-title":"Quality of life in long-term survivors of muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"96","author":"Mak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23475","article-title":"Metabolic-associated signature and hub genes associated with immune microenvironment and prognosis in bladder cancer","volume":"62","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17588359221108690","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359221108690","article-title":"Gender dimorphism in survival of patients with lymph node metastasis of bladder cancer","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025330","article-title":"Ensemble deep learning enhanced with self-attention for predicting immunotherapeutic responses to cancers","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16091181","article-title":"Alternative strategies for delivering immunotherapeutics targeting the PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Hoshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107986","article-title":"Modulating tumor-associated macrophages to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A TAM-pting approach","volume":"231","author":"Chamseddine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/uj.v0i0.4542","article-title":"Does mantoux test result predicts BCG immunotherapy efficiency and severe toxicity in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"16","author":"Krajewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2019-0083","article-title":"Six essential conditions for bladder-sparing strategies in bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin unresponsive bladder cancer","volume":"11","author":"Shariat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6458-6_8","article-title":"Tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)","volume":"818","author":"Fulda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484.e419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2016.05.033","article-title":"The efficacy of BCG TICE and BCG Connaught in a cohort of 2,099 patients with T1G3 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"34","author":"Witjes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0198-x","article-title":"The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"McNeel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1507283","article-title":"CD8(+) T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37060","article-title":"Eliminating a barrier: Aiming at VISTA, reversing MDSC-mediated T cell suppression in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1188760","article-title":"Revolutionizing anti-tumor therapy: unleashing the potential of B cell-derived exosomes","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37726","article-title":"Germinal center B-cell subgroups in the tumor microenvironment cannot be overlooked: Their involvement in prognosis, immunotherapy response, and treatment resistance in head and neck squamous carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110137","article-title":"miR-143-3p shuttled by M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles induces progression of colorectal cancer through a ZC3H12A\/C\/EBPbeta axis-dependent mechanism","volume":"119","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1237350","article-title":"Unveiling efferocytosis-related signatures through the integration of single-cell analysis and machine learning: a predictive framework for prognosis and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002304","DOI":"10.37349\/etat","article-title":"Key immune cells and their crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment of bladder cancer: insights for innovative therapies","volume":"6","author":"Di Spirito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Explor Target Antitumor Ther"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1022808","article-title":"IL-7: A promising adjuvant ensuring effective T cell responses and memory in combination with cancer vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1089410","article-title":"Exosomes: A potential tool for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1458638","article-title":"Unveiling the cellular landscape: insights from single-cell RNA sequencing in multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.12.057","article-title":"Purified Protein Derivative Skin test prior to bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin Therapy May have Therapeutic Impact in Patients with Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"199","author":"Niwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.3.1321","article-title":"Effect of TLR4 and B7-H1 on immune escape of urothelial bladder cancer and its clinical significance","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01286-5","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing explored potential therapeutic targets by revealing the tumor microenvironment of neuroblastoma and its expression in cell death","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discovery Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.101420","article-title":"The cellular signaling crosstalk between memory B cells and tumor cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cannot be overlooked: Their involvement in tumor progression and treatment strategy is significant","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2023.100877","article-title":"Identification and characterization of circular RNAs as novel putative biomarkers to predict anti-PD-1 monotherapy response in metastatic melanoma patients - Knowledge from two independent international studies","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1247178","article-title":"Editorial: Targeting metabolism to activate T cells and enhance the efficacy of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in solid tumors","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1201573","article-title":"A novel signature predicts prognosis and immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma based on cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1522655","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing and immune microenvironment analysis reveal PLOD2-driven Malignant transformation in cervical cancer","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.102045","article-title":"Single-cell analysis unveils cell subtypes of acral melanoma cells at the early and late differentiation stages","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0267-2","article-title":"PD-L1 and BCG response prediction","volume":"17","author":"Thoma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602460","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1602460","article-title":"Combined assessment of peritumoral Th1\/Th2 polarization and peripheral immunity as a new biomarker in the prediction of BCG response in patients with high-risk NMIBC","volume":"8","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00561","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint signaling inhibition for cancer immunotherapy: mechanism, combinations, and clinical outcome","volume":"8","author":"Alsaab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110393","article-title":"Mechanisms of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer-current understanding and the prospect","volume":"129","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.767026","article-title":"The importance of cellular metabolic pathways in pathogenesis and selective treatments of hematological Malignancies","volume":"11","author":"Soltani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0184","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0184","article-title":"et al: NOP2-mediated m5C Modification of c-Myc in an EIF3A-Dependent Manner to Reprogram Glucose Metabolism and Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res (Wash D C)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670.e677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2017.07.024","article-title":"Quadruple immunotherapy of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, interferon, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as salvage therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"35","author":"Steinberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.39.2936","article-title":"Intracutaneous and intravesical immunotherapy with keyhole limpet hemocyanin compared with intravesical mitomycin in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results from a prospective randomized phase III trial","volume":"30","author":"Lammers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324331","article-title":"Mycobacterial strains that stimulate the immune system most efficiently as candidates for the treatment of bladder cancer","volume":"20","author":"Yuksel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.109","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of MCNA in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer at high risk for recurrence and progression after failed treatment with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"193","author":"Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu438.24","article-title":"A phase 1B study of pembrolizumab (Pembro; mk-3475) in patients (Pts) with advanced urothelial tract cancer","volume":"25","author":"Plimack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.v249.2","article-title":"Bladder cancer, a unique model to understand cancer immunity and develop immunotherapy approaches","volume":"249","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30065-7","article-title":"Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32455-2","article-title":"Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicenter, phase 2 trial","volume":"389","author":"Balar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.2411","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of durvalumab in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: updated results from a phase 1\/2 open-label study","volume":"3","author":"Powles","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.71.6795","article-title":"Avelumab, an anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody, in patients with refractory metastatic urothelial carcinoma: results from a multicenter, phase ib study","volume":"35","author":"Apolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112152-20240602-00231","article-title":"Expert consensus of multi-disciplinary collaboration on bladder-preserving treatment for bladder cancer in China (2024 edition)","volume":"46","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2020.02.10","article-title":"Bladder-sparing protocols in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"9","author":"Tholomier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0046","article-title":"Baseline cytokine profiles of tuberculin-specific CD4(+) T cells in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer may predict outcomes of BCG immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Jallad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01188-6","article-title":"Current best practice for bladder cancer: a narrative review of diagnostics and treatments","volume":"400","author":"Comp\u00e9rat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.02.3005","article-title":"Immunotherapy for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma","volume":"197","author":"Donin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00147-9","article-title":"Pembrolizumab monotherapy for the treatment of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer unresponsive to BCG (KEYNOTE-057): an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase 2 study","volume":"22","author":"Balar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.08.004","article-title":"et al: phase 2 trial of atezolizumab in bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: SWOG S1605","volume":"84","author":"Black","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00576","article-title":"First results of NURE-combo: A phase II study of neoadjuvant nivolumab and nab-paclitaxel, followed by postsurgical adjuvant nivolumab, for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"42","author":"Mercinelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101032","article-title":"Oxytocin alleviates liver fibrosis via hepatic macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2018-0404","article-title":"Decreased S1P and SPHK2 are involved in pancreatic acinar cell injury","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"biomark Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00859","article-title":"Mogroside II(E) inhibits digestive enzymes via suppression of interleukin 9\/interleukin 9 receptor signaling in acute pancreatitis","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05114-5","article-title":"KIF18A inactivates hepatic stellate cells and alleviates liver fibrosis through the TTC3\/Akt\/mTOR pathway","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.6_suppl.431","article-title":"Positive efficacy and safety phase 3 results in both CIS and papillary cohorts BCG-unresponsive nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after IL-15R\u03b1Fc superagonist N-803 (Anktiva) and BCG infusion","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000823.02","article-title":"pd03-02\u2003phase 3 results of vicinium in bcg-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"203","author":"Shore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-006-0061-7","article-title":"Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of a standard procedure","volume":"24","author":"Stein","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137201","article-title":"Perioperative systemic treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0628-7","article-title":"et al: Clinical efficacy and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in operable urothelial carcinoma in the ABACUS trial","volume":"25","author":"Powles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.10.026","article-title":"Updated results of PURE-01 with preliminary activity of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in patients with muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma with variant histologies","volume":"77","author":"Necchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.5047","article-title":"Phase Ib\/II neoadjuvant (N-) pembrolizumab (P) and chemotherapy for locally advanced urothelial cancer (laUC): Final results from the cisplatin (C)-eligible cohort of HCRN GU14-188","volume":"38","author":"Hoimes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4503","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin, plus nivolumab with selective bladder sparing in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC): HCRN GU 16-257","volume":"39","author":"Galsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wolters Kluwer Health"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2020.06.009","article-title":"Rationale and outcomes for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder","volume":"3","author":"Rouanne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.0011","article-title":"Bladder cancer, version 3.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"18","author":"Flaig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.6_suppl.398","article-title":"Phase II clinical study of concurrent durvalumab and radiation therapy (DUART) followed by adjuvant durvalumab in patients with localized urothelial cancer of bladder: Results for primary analyses and survival. BTCRC-GU15-023","volume":"39","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4505","article-title":"Phase II trial of durvalumab plus tremelimumab with concurrent radiotherapy (RT) in patients (pts) with localized muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treated with a selective bladder preservation approach: IMMUNOPRESERVE-SOGUG trial","volume":"39","author":"Garcia del Muro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wolters Kluwer Health"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.6_suppl.485","article-title":"Pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy as treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer: A planned interim analysis of safety and efficacy of the PCR-MIB phase II clinical trial (ANZUP 1502)","volume":"38","author":"Weickhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4504","article-title":"Pembrolizumab (pembro) in combination with gemcitabine (Gem) and concurrent hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) as bladder sparing treatment for muscle-invasive urothelial cancer of the bladder (MIBC): A multicenter phase 2 trial","volume":"39","author":"Balar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wolters Kluwer Health"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1264325","article-title":"Unraveling molecular networks in thymic epithelial tumors: deciphering the unique signatures","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1591379\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:38:27Z","timestamp":1745991507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1591379\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1591379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1591379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"article-number":"1591379"}}