{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:40:54Z","timestamp":1791409254136,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tuberculosis (TB), caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MTB), remains a significant global health concern. The existing vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), provides inconsistent protection, highlighting the pressing need for a more effective vaccine. We aimed to identify novel\n                      <jats:italic>MTB<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens and assess their protective efficacy as TB vaccine candidates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using immunopeptidomics, we identified 64 and 80 unique mycobacterial antigens derived from BCG and MTB, respectively. We prioritised antigens based on HLA allele coverage through an immunoinformatics approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The candidates,\n                      <jats:italic>hisD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>metE<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>mmpL12<\/jats:italic>\n                      , delivered as DNA vaccines, were evaluated for efficacy in mice using the ex vivo Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Assay (MGIA) and\n                      <jats:italic>metE<\/jats:italic>\n                      was identified as a promising candidate. In vivo murine\n                      <jats:italic>MTB<\/jats:italic>\n                      challenge experiments confirmed the protective efficacy conferred by\n                      <jats:italic>metE<\/jats:italic>\n                      when formulated as recombinant protein with AS01\u2122 or AddaS03\u2122 adjuvants, compared to the na\u00efve group. The immunogenic profiles of\n                      <jats:italic>metE<\/jats:italic>\n                      formulated in the two different adjuvants differed, with\n                      <jats:italic>metE<\/jats:italic>\n                      -AS01\u2122 inducing antigen-specific IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-2, IL-17, IgG1 and IgG2a-c, while\n                      <jats:italic>metE<\/jats:italic>\n                      -AddaS03\u2122 induced TNF-\u03b1, IL-2, IL-17, IL-4, IgM, IgG1, IgG2b.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings highlight\n                      <jats:italic>metE<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a promising protective antigen for future TB vaccine development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1593263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T05:22:56Z","timestamp":1753075376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["MetE: a promising protective antigen for tuberculosis vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Salem Salman","family":"Almujri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Stylianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Nicastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Satti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcellus","family":"Korompis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuailin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"De Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Polo Peralta Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo J. 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