{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:06:05Z","timestamp":1790280365362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease influenced by genetic factors, particularly <jats:italic>HLA-DRB1<\/jats:italic> alleles. The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of <jats:italic>HLA-DRB1<\/jats:italic> alleles in Chilean RA patients and healthy controls (HC) and evaluate associations with susceptibility or protection, autoantibody seropositivity, and disease activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We genotyped 367 RA patients and 623 HC for <jats:italic>HLA-DRB1<\/jats:italic> using PCR-SSO. Then, we examined allele frequencies and distribution, including known RA risk alleles of the \u201cShared Epitope\u201d (SE) of HLA-DRB1 and protective (PR) alleles, using the Chi-square or Fisher\u2019s exact tests. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure the degree of association, and unpaired T-tests were used to compare continuous variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most frequent SE alleles among RA patients were *<jats:italic>04:01<\/jats:italic> (16.1%), *<jats:italic>04:04<\/jats:italic> (13.9%), and *<jats:italic>14:02<\/jats:italic> (11.7%). SE alleles *<jats:italic>04:01<\/jats:italic>, *<jats:italic>04:04<\/jats:italic>, *<jats:italic>04:05<\/jats:italic>, *<jats:italic>04:08<\/jats:italic>, and *<jats:italic>10:01<\/jats:italic>, along with non-SE alleles *<jats:italic>09:01<\/jats:italic> and *<jats:italic>15:02<\/jats:italic>, were associated with RA susceptibility. In addition, allele *<jats:italic>14:02<\/jats:italic> showed an association with the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) antibodies. Meanwhile, PR alleles *<jats:italic>11:01<\/jats:italic> (14.8%) and *<jats:italic>16:02<\/jats:italic> (9.8%) were observed most frequently in HC and RA patients, respectively. PR alleles *<jats:italic>11:01<\/jats:italic>, *<jats:italic>11:04<\/jats:italic>, and *<jats:italic>13:01<\/jats:italic>, as well as the non-PR alleles *<jats:italic>15:01<\/jats:italic>, *<jats:italic>04:07<\/jats:italic>, *<jats:italic>03:01<\/jats:italic>, *<jats:italic>07:01<\/jats:italic>, and *<jats:italic>08:02<\/jats:italic>, were associated with protection from RA, and showed no significant associations with autoantibody seropositivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides a comprehensive overview of <jats:italic>HLA-DRB1<\/jats:italic> allele distribution in the Chilean population, identifying both well-known and novel allele associations with RA susceptibility, protection, and disease activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1594723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T05:30:14Z","timestamp":1747114214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["HLA-DRB1 allele distribution in Chilean population: insights into rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility and protection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Catal\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Neira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Cu\u00e9llar-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"D\u00edaz-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Aravena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Palou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Carrascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Aguill\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaxaira","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.86","article-title":"Geoepidemiology of autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Shapira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190396","article-title":"The Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in Chile: A nationwide study performed as part of the national health survey (ENS 2016-17)","volume":"47","author":"Dur\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.23","article-title":"Ethnogenetic heterogeneity of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Kochi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implications pathogenesis. 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