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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a complex inflammatory central nervous system disorder affecting mainly children and young adults. Its diverse clinical spectrum often resembles other neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Accurate diagnosis and monitoring are challenging due to its heterogeneous presentation and lack of specific biomarkers. In addition, disease-modifying therapies are well-established for treating MS and NMOSD. In contrast, the absence of approved therapies for MOGAD remains a significant challenge in clinical management and should become a priority in future research efforts. This review explores existing literature on biomarkers in MOGAD, including clinical, radiological, and laboratory parameters along with novel biomarkers and the future challenges that can facilitate personalized therapeutic approaches in MOGAD. A comprehensive understanding of these biomarker profiles is crucial for optimizing patient care and advancing therapeutic strategies in neuroinflammatory disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1594960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T04:10:57Z","timestamp":1749183057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease - review article"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tamang","family":"Sapana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25909","article-title":"Clinical features and risk of relapse in children and adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"89","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2940","article-title":"Serial anti\u2013myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody analyses and outcomes in children with demyelinating syndromes","volume":"77","author":"Waters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.101965","article-title":"Prodromal headache in MOG-antibody positive optic neuritis","volume":"40","author":"Asseyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00187-9","article-title":"Optic neuritis and autoimmune optic neuropathies: advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Bennett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316880","article-title":"Clinical course, therapeutic responses and outcomes in relapsing MOG antibody-associated demyelination","volume":"89","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. 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