{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:32:33Z","timestamp":1776353553508,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anisakis infections have become a significant public health concern primarily caused by consuming raw or undercooked seafood. This in is due to a shift in global eating habits, and seafood consumption is becoming increasingly popular.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores how <jats:italic>Anisakis pegreffii<\/jats:italic> body proteins (ABP) and glycoproteins affect macrophage polarization. The parasites collected from East China Sea hairtail fish (<jats:italic>Trichiurus lepturus<\/jats:italic>), with glycoproteins isolated from ABP via ConA magnetic beads. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with ABP, glycoproteins, and co-incubated with LPS or IL-4, then analyzed by qPCR for TNF-\u03b1 and Arg-1. Transcriptomic profiling and bioinformatics analyses also helped identify differentially expressed genes and pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study showed that ABP with LPS greatly upregulated TNF-\u03b1, boosting inflammation. Conversely, glycoproteins suppressed TNF-\u03b1 transcription and reduced IL-4-induced Arg-1 expression, displaying immunosuppression. Transcriptomics analysis found that ABP enriched TNF and hematopoietic pathways, with IL6 and IL1\u03b2 as key pro-inflammatory genes. Glycoproteins activated cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and hampered leukocyte migration by downregulating Ccl2 and H3c7. Notably, ABP and glycoproteins differentially regulated the JAK-STAT pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that <jats:italic>A. pegreffii<\/jats:italic> induces a dual-pronged immune response: ABP exacerbates inflammation, while glycoproteins suppress it. This highlights glycoproteins\u2019 potential as therapeutic targets for modulating parasitic immunopathology and inflammatory diseases. The analysis of ABP and glycoprotein - induced immune responses provides key insights into Anisakiasis pathogenesis and may help develop new treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T01:24:53Z","timestamp":1749432293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dual roles of Anisakis pegreffii proteins in macrophage immune dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Min-hao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Alsobaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahad M.","family":"Aldakheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mourad A. 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