{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:42:53Z","timestamp":1794490973142,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis predominantly affecting the central face, with its pathogenesis not yet fully elucidated. Macrophages, as innate immune cells in the human body, play a crucial role in inflammatory responses. However, the specific mechanistic role of macrophages in rosacea remains incompletely understood. This review aims to comprehensively analyze and discuss the functions of macrophages, their involvement in the pathogenesis of rosacea, and their potential as therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted using keywords such as \u201crosacea\u201d and \u201cmacrophage\u201d in databases including PubMed and Web of Science, without restrictions on article type or publication date, to ensure a comprehensive retrieval of relevant studies. Additionally, the references cited in the retrieved articles were manually searched to gather further pertinent knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the articles obtained from the database searches, we focused solely on those that mentioned the role of macrophages in rosacea and related therapeutic approaches to ensure the accuracy of the content. Ultimately, 121 articles were selected for inclusion in this review, encompassing review articles, original research studies, meta-analyses, and other types of publications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review summarizes the latest research progress on the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of rosacea, emphasizing their significant involvement through the regulation of immune responses, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and other processes. Furthermore, the potential of macrophages as therapeutic targets for rosacea is explored, which warrants further investigation in the future. Despite the advancements made, numerous unresolved questions remain regarding the mechanistic role of macrophages in rosacea. Future research is imperative to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms, thereby providing novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of rosacea.Please confirm that the below Frontiers AI generated Alt-Text is an accurate visual description of your Figure(s). These Figure Alt-text proposals won't replace your figure captions and will not be visible on your article. If you wish to make any changes, kindly provide the exact revised Alt-Text you would like to use, ensuring that the word-count remains at approximately 100 words for best accessibility results. Further information on Alt-Text can be found here.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:38:44Z","timestamp":1753940324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Macrophages in rosacea: pathogenesis and therapeutic potential"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00595-7","article-title":"Rosacea: new concepts in classification and treatment","volume":"22","author":"van Zuuren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00584","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v101.356","article-title":"The importance of assessing burning and stinging when managing rosacea: A review","volume":"101","author":"Schaller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120625","article-title":"Standard classification of rosacea: Report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea","volume":"46","author":"Wilkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39761-2","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing identifies genetic variants associated with neurogenic inflammation in rosacea","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10874","article-title":"Current research and clinical trends in rosacea pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00546-8","article-title":"Microbiota in rosacea","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.10.004","article-title":"Rosacea pathogenesis, common triggers, and dietary role: The cause, the trigger, and the positive effects of different foods","volume":"40","author":"Alia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.10.007","article-title":"Macrophages in health and disease","volume":"185","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx016","article-title":"Transcriptional control of monocyte and macrophage development","volume":"29","author":"Kurotaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-023-00360-z","article-title":"Advances in the study of macrophage polarization in inflammatory immune skin diseases","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflammation (Lond)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173090","article-title":"Macrophage M1\/M2 polarization","volume":"877","author":"Yunna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114469","article-title":"The macrophage polarization in inflammatory dermatosis and its potential drug candidates","volume":"161","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110583","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular inducers and modulators of M2 macrophage polarization in clinical perspective","volume":"122","author":"Kiseleva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.04.017","article-title":"Promoting musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration by biomaterial-mediated modulation of macrophage polarization","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070075","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes recruited after skeletal muscle injury switch into antiinflammatory macrophages to support myogenesis","volume":"204","author":"Arnold","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkac057","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization in wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01650","article-title":"TLR-3 stimulation skews M2 macrophages to M1 through IFN-\u03b1\u03b2 Signaling and restricts tumor progression","volume":"9","author":"Vidyarthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.816761","article-title":"Repolarization of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells for augmentation of CAR T cell therapies","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01313-z","article-title":"Resilience of dermis resident macrophages to inflammatory challenges","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211953","article-title":"The role of macrophages in rosacea: implications for targeted therapies","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941071","article-title":"Dendritic cells and macrophages in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Kamata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.009","article-title":"IL-31-generating network in atopic dermatitis comprising macrophages, basophils, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and periostin","volume":"151","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.141","article-title":"Molecular and morphological characterization of inflammatory infiltrate in rosacea reveals activation of th1\/th17 pathways","volume":"135","author":"Buhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.10.073","article-title":"ADAMDEC1 promotes skin inflammation in rosacea via modulating the polarization of M1 macrophages","volume":"521","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18725","article-title":"GBP5 exacerbates rosacea-like skin inflammation by skewing macrophage polarization towards M1 phenotype through the NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1285951","article-title":"OPN promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via ERK\/JNK pathway and M1 macrophage polarization in Rosacea","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082153","article-title":"Exploring the pathogenesis and mechanism-targeted treatments of rosacea: previous understanding and updates","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.609615","article-title":"A novel mechanism of carvedilol efficacy for rosacea treatment: toll-like receptor 2 inhibition in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-025-02005-8","article-title":"Human antimicrobial\/host defense peptide LL-37 may prevent the spread of a local infection through multiple mechanisms: an update","volume":"74","author":"Svensson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"Cutaneous and ocular rosacea: Common and specific physiopathogenic mechanisms and study models","volume":"27","author":"Rodrigues-Braz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754241229365","article-title":"Rosacea: pathogenesis and therapeutic correlates","volume":"28","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.02.745","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 drives rosacea-like skin inflammation in an NLRP3-dependent manner","volume":"141","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13560","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013560","article-title":"A positive feedback loop between mTORC1 and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02088-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of NLRP3 activation and inhibition elucidated by functional analysis of disease-associated variants","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13143","article-title":"Integrative concepts of rosacea pathophysiology, clinical presentation and new therapeutics","volume":"26","author":"Holmes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155828","article-title":"Interleukin-8: An evolving chemokine","volume":"153","author":"Matsushima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1703-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2024.184394","article-title":"TNF receptors: Structure-function relationships and therapeutic targeting strategies","volume":"1867","author":"Lo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15976","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15976","article-title":"TLR7 promotes skin inflammation via activating NF\u03baB-mTORC1 axis in rosacea","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadk3160","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk3160","article-title":"Coactivation of innate immune suppressive cells induces acquired resistance against combined TLR agonism and PD-1 blockade","volume":"17","author":"Nishinakamura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02124-y","article-title":"Tissue macrophages: origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00841-w","article-title":"MEF2C promotes M1 macrophage polarization and Th1 responses","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50614-1","article-title":"IL-12 signaling drives the differentiation and function of a TH1-derived TFH1-like cell population","volume":"9","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622934","article-title":"Role of the IL23\/IL17 pathway in crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.03.010","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of Th17 differentiation and the Yin-Yang of Th17 cells in human diseases","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-024-00992-0","article-title":"Unraveling Th subsets: insights into their role in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"48","author":"Ryba-Stanis\u0142awowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Oncol (Dordr)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01620-3","article-title":"The IL-17 family in diseases: from bench to bedside","volume":"8","author":"Huangfu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1279837","article-title":"Interactions between neutrophils and T-helper 17 cells","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110309","article-title":"Macrophage IL-1\u03b2 promotes arteriogenesis by autocrine STAT3- and NF-\u03baB-mediated transcription of pro-angiogenic VEGF-A","volume":"38","author":"Mantsounga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1134661","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in monocytes and macrophages - an inflammatory master regulator in multitalented immune cells","volume":"14","author":"Mussbacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01868-3","article-title":"Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109748","article-title":"The role of the JAK\/STAT3 signaling pathway in acquired corneal diseases","volume":"238","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00631-w","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A","volume":"24","author":"P\u00e9rez-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13010006","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the immune system: activators or inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Failla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117487","article-title":"ICAM-1 and VCAM-1: Gatekeepers in various inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders","volume":"548","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21599","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition","volume":"40","author":"Cinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.010","article-title":"Nitric oxide signaling in health and disease","volume":"185","author":"Lundberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106970","article-title":"Soluble guanylyl cyclase: A novel target for the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"197","author":"Nelissen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqab051","article-title":"Nitric oxide signals through IRAG to inhibit TRPM4 channels and dilate cerebral arteries","volume":"2","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Funct (Oxf)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79530","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.79530","article-title":"An auto-inhibited state of protein kinase G and implications for selective activation","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189175","article-title":"ROS: A \u201cbooster\u201d for chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis","volume":"1879","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2022.10.005","article-title":"A double-edged sword: ROS related therapies in the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101696","article-title":"ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stresses in organelle metabolic processes","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14477","article-title":"Thiol\/disulfide homeostasis and its relationship with insulin resistance in patients with rosacea","volume":"21","author":"Demir Pektas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065770","article-title":"Radiation from UV-A to red light induces ROS-dependent release of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"24","author":"Arzumanyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-023-01956-6","article-title":"Colchicine alleviates rosacea by inhibiting neutrophil inflammation activated by the TLR2 pathway","volume":"47","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2077427","article-title":"Mediation roles of neutrophils and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on the relationship between HLA-DQB1 and rosacea","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3589","article-title":"Cutting edge: direct interaction of TLR4 with NAD(P)H oxidase 4 isozyme is essential for lipopolysaccharide-induced production of reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-kappa B","volume":"173","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020313","article-title":"Functions of ROS in macrophages and antimicrobial immunity","volume":"10","author":"Herb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.02.081","article-title":"Oxidative stress: A unifying paradigm in hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Touyz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2023.119573","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling. Review","volume":"1871","author":"Averill-Bates","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.12.041","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species promote TNFalpha-induced death and sustained JNK activation by inhibiting MAP kinase phosphatases","volume":"120","author":"Kamata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06122-0","article-title":"Exploring TNFR1: from discovery to targeted therapy development","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061507","article-title":"Thiol-disulfide homeostasis in skin diseases","volume":"11","author":"Georgescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083974","article-title":"Inflammatory molecules associated with ultraviolet radiation-mediated skin aging","volume":"22","author":"Ansary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2018.76228","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products and serum total oxidant\/antioxidant status levels in rosacea","volume":"35","author":"Erdogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1359600","article-title":"ROS signaling in innate immunity via oxidative protein modifications","volume":"15","author":"Manoharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21636","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: A comprehensive update","volume":"40","author":"Minhas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.113","article-title":"Association between rosacea and cardiometabolic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00300","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3668","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and comorbidities in patients with rosacea: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36247-5","article-title":"Evaluation of inflammatory status in blood in patients with rosacea","volume":"13","author":"Karaosmanoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151570","article-title":"Immunometabolism governs dendritic cell and macrophage function","volume":"213","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53006-w","article-title":"MDM2 induces pro-inflammatory and glycolytic responses in M1 macrophages by integrating iNOS-nitric oxide and HIF-1\u03b1 pathways in mice","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00251-y","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1266973","article-title":"Succinate metabolism: a promising therapeutic target for inflammation, ischemia\/reperfusion injury and cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020814","article-title":"Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Protecting against Radical Species and Autoregulation of M1-Polarized Macrophages through Metabolic Remodeling","volume":"28","author":"Fujii","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02095-6","article-title":"Redox regulation: mechanisms, biology and therapeutic targets in diseases","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300108","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300108","article-title":"In vitro acne disease model from inertial focusing effect for studying the interactions between sebocyte glands and macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10662.x","article-title":"The fatty acid profile of the skin surface lipid layer in papulopustular rosacea","volume":"166","author":"N\u00ed Raghallaigh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B92","article-title":"Rosacea: common questions and answers","volume":"109","author":"Frazier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e658","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.658","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity: signaling pathways, tissue repair, and regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000349","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: from molecular mechanisms to physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology","volume":"74","author":"de Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1801451","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801451","article-title":"Macrophage and fibroblast interactions in biomaterial-mediated fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Witherel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02247-1","article-title":"Macrophages in organ fibrosis: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090764","article-title":"Targeting interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages to treat cardiac fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1430825","article-title":"Macrophages in inflammatory skin diseases and skin tumors","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14263-2","article-title":"Macrophages directly contribute collagen to scar formation during zebrafish heart regeneration and mouse heart repair","volume":"11","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.04.021","article-title":"Fibroblast-macrophage reciprocal interactions in health, fibrosis, and cancer","volume":"54","author":"Buechler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1444964","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and its impact on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab040","article-title":"Macrophages in lung fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"Ogawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00856-w","article-title":"New insights into fibrosis from the ECM degradation perspective: the macrophage-MMP-ECM interaction","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12122\/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.04.02","article-title":"Effects of liver fibrosis induced by iron overload on M2 polarization of macrophages in mice","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021060815","article-title":"Intensity of macrophage infiltration in glomeruli predicts response to immunosuppressive therapy in patients with igA nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6690100","article-title":"High-expressed macrophage scavenger receptor 1 predicts severity clinical outcome in transplant patient in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis disease","volume":"2021","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.341","article-title":"Failed renoprotection by alternatively activated bone marrow macrophages is due to a proliferation-dependent phenotype switch in vivo","volume":"85","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9941-y","article-title":"Macrophages regulate renal fibrosis through modulating TGF\u03b2 superfamily signaling","volume":"37","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117079","article-title":"The role of macrophages in fibrosis of chronic kidney disease","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917663117","article-title":"Neural transcription factor Pou4f1 promotes renal fibrosis via macrophage-myofibroblast transition","volume":"117","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24034","article-title":"Analysis of subsets and localization of macrophages in skin lesions and peripheral blood of patients with keloids","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1503985","article-title":"The role of macrophages in hypertrophic scarring: molecular to therapeutic insights","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111182","article-title":"Halofuginone regulates keloid fibroblast fibrotic response to TGF-\u03b2 induction","volume":"135","author":"Marty","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888392","article-title":"Systematic review of safety and efficacy of IL-1-targeted biologics in treating immune-mediated disorders","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1367994","article-title":"Signaling pathways and targeted therapy for rosacea","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1097-5","article-title":"Azithromycin promotes alternatively activated macrophage phenotype in systematic lupus erythematosus via PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154228","article-title":"Viola yedoensis Makino formula alleviates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis by activating JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway and promoting M2 macrophages polarization","volume":"103","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.05.018","article-title":"M2 macrophage-derived exosomes promote diabetic fracture healing by acting as an immunomodulator","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70178","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70178","article-title":"Esculetin rebalances M1\/M2 macrophage polarization to treat sepsis-induced acute lung injury through regulating metabolic reprogramming","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1416004","article-title":"Treatment of rosacea with upadacitinib and abrocitinib: case report and review of evidence for Janus kinase inhibition in rosacea","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000514565","article-title":"Scalp rosacea: rethinking peripilar scaling","volume":"7","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595493\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:39:07Z","timestamp":1753940347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595493\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"article-number":"1595493"}}