{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:02:10Z","timestamp":1776276130245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB10207, CB11336, HDTRA1-18-C-0062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB10207, CB11336, HDTRA1-18-C-0062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melioidosis is a major cause of disease and mortality in endemic tropical regions, and the etiologic agent, <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, is being isolated increasingly from an expanded range of environmental and clinical sources in locations including the United States. The disease can have multi-faceted clinical presentations and requires a complex and protracted treatment regimen which is confounded by resistance of this microbe to numerous antibiotics. Thus, prophylactic countermeasures are needed; however, a vaccine has yet to be licensed for human use. Since <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is classified as a Tier 1 select agent, the development of a safe and effective vaccine is both a military and public health need. Our laboratories have focused on the development of vaccines composed of live attenuated strains and defined subunit antigens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the current study, we evaluated homologous and heterologous combinations of candidate subunits and live vaccines in a murine aerosol model of melioidosis to determine the effects of vaccine composition and delivery scheme on protection in conjunction with immune responses and bacterial clearance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both strategies provided significant protection against lethal aerosol challenges, and the accumulated data support that a heterologous vaccination strategy employing capsular polysaccharide conjugate and Hcp1 subunits and a live but highly safe capsular polysaccharide-producing surrogate strain of <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic> is an effective and potentially agile prophylactic strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1596265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T04:10:42Z","timestamp":1750392642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of homologous and heterologous vaccination strategies for combating disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sergei S.","family":"Biryukov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Klimko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer 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