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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudorabies virus is a porcine alphaherpesvirus that causes devastating disease with high mortality in young piglets but much milder, mainly respiratory, problems in older pigs. Here, we report marked age-dependent differences in the cytokine response profile of primary porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected cells. Notably, IFN-\u03b1 and IL-12 production in response to PRV remains low to almost undetectable in piglets up to 8.5 weeks of age, followed by a marked increase in older piglets, which coincides with age-related shifts in PRV symptomatology. Additionally, we found that PBMC from newborn piglets exhibit a high IL-6 and IL-10 production which, in combination with the low IL-12 levels, suggests a suppressed Th1 immune response, similar to neonatal humans and mice. Our results reveal a remarkable age-dependent difference in PBMC cytokine response to PRV and provide a basis to identify cytokines or adjuvants that shift the neonatal immune response towards a Th1 response, potentially improving outcomes of severe viral infections in the neonatal period in both pigs and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1596490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T05:27:55Z","timestamp":1751520475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age-dependent differences in type I interferon, IL-12 and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to pseudorabies virus-infected cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Manon S. C.","family":"Claeys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon G. A. 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