{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:04:11Z","timestamp":1792605851748,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apoptosis plays a fundamental role in the regulation of immune responses mediated by neutrophils. Phosphatidylglucoside (PtdGlc), a glycosylated phospholipid abundantly expressed on the surface of human neutrophils, has been implicated in promoting both cellular differentiation and apoptosis. In the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line HL-60, PtdGlc expression increases during differentiation, and treatment with the anti-PtdGlc monoclonal antibody DIM21 induces early apoptosis. To further investigate the role of PtdGlc in neutrophilic lineage cells, we examined three AML cell lines: HL-60 (AML-M2\/M3), KG1 (AML-M1), and KG1a (AML-M0). PtdGlc was highly expressed in HL-60 and KG1 cells but was absent in KG1a cells. Both HL-60 and KG1 cells exhibited early apoptosis following DIM21 treatment, whereas KG1a cells remained resistant regardless of differentiation status. Notably, in KG1 cells, DIM21 induced late-stage apoptosis specifically after ATRA-mediated differentiation, and co-treatment with ATRA and DIM21 significantly enhanced this apoptotic response. Mechanistic analysis revealed that this process was independent of NADPH oxidase and Fas signaling, as neither a reactive oxygen species inhibitor nor a neutralizing anti-Fas antibody altered the apoptotic outcome. Instead, DIM21 activated caspase-3 and caspase-8, suggesting that PtdGlc mediates apoptosis through a caspase-dependent, but NADPH oxidase- and Fas-independent, pathway. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into the apoptotic signaling function of PtdGlc in neutrophilic lineage cells and highlight its potential as a novel therapeutic target in AML.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1597423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:24:29Z","timestamp":1748323469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phosphatidylglucoside regulates apoptosis of human neutrophilic lineage cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Noriko","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roudy 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