{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:58:06Z","timestamp":1753891086273,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>After initiation of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV-1\/tuberculosis coinfected patients are at high risk of developing tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS). MicroRNAs, small molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides, which regulate post-transcriptional gene expression and their profile has been proposed as a biomarker for many diseases. We tested whether the microRNA profile could be a predictive biomarker for TB-IRIS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-six selected microRNAs involved in the regulation of the innate immune response were investigated. Free plasmatic and microRNA-derived exosomes were measured by flow cytometry. The plasma from 74 HIV-1+TB+ individuals (35 IRIS and 39 non-IRIS) at the time of the diagnosis and before any treatment (baseline) of CAMELIA trial (ANRS1295-CIPRA KH001-DAIDS-ES ID10425); 15 HIV+TB\u2212 and 23 HIV\u2212TB+, both na\u00efve of any treatment; and 20 HIV\u2212TB\u2212 individuals as controls were analysed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline, both IRIS and non-IRIS HIV+\/TB+ individuals had similar demographic and clinical characteristics, including sex, age, body mass index, very low CD4+ cell counts (27 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>), and plasma HIV RNA load levels (5.76 log copies\/ml). Twenty out of 26 plasmatic-microRNAs tested were no different between IRIS and controls. Twelve of the 26 tested microRNAs showed statistically significant differences between IRIS and non-IRIS patients (p-values ranging from p &amp;lt;0.05 to p &amp;lt;0.0001). Among these, five could discriminate between IRIS and non-IRIS individuals using ROC curve analysis (AUC scores ranging from 0.74 to 0.92). The combination of two (hsa-mir-29c-3p and hsa-mir-146a-5p) or three microRNAs (hsa-mir-29c-3p, hsa-mir-29a-3p, and hsa-mir-146a-5p) identified IRIS with 100% sensitivity and high specificity (95% and 97%, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of at least two or three plasmatic microRNAs known to regulate inflammation and\/or cytokine responses could be used as biomarkers to discriminate IRIS from non-IRIS in HIV-TB co-infected individuals at the time of diagnosis and prior to any treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1603338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T04:10:25Z","timestamp":1750392625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A set of plasmatic microRNA related to innate immune response highly predicts the onset of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in tuberculosis co-infected HIV individuals (ANRS-12358 study)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Polidy","family":"Pean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratana","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliott","family":"Benichou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pichsivannary","family":"Srey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bunnet","family":"Dim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Borand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Marcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Laureillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tineke","family":"Cantaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoann","family":"Madec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Scott-Algara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1142","article-title":"The 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