{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:07:33Z","timestamp":1789276053472,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002704","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola Contra el C\u00e1ncer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e9ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>MYD88<\/jats:italic> L265P is an early mutation in IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and asymptomatic Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia (WM). Given the high prevalence of the <jats:italic>MYD88<\/jats:italic> mutation observed in epidemiological studies, its presence is not sufficient to drive disease progression. In fact, a recent risk model of progression reported that the impact of other laboratory biomarkers was superior to the <jats:italic>MYD88<\/jats:italic> mutation\u2019s presence. Due to the low incidence of these clinicopathological entities, there is a need for a better characterization of tumor and immune cells that can help to identify novel biomarkers. We hypothesize that the characterization of the risk groups in asymptomatic patients could improve the discovery of drivers of disease progression<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We characterized the genomic and immune landscape of the most recent prognostic risk categories in 19 IgM MGUS and 17 asymptomatic WM patients. We performed targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) on CD19+ cells from bone marrow samples at diagnosis using a panel of 54 lymphoma-driver genes. Whole bone marrow samples were also used to measure mRNA gene expression in tumor and immune cells using the PanCancer ImmuneProfiling panel on the nCounter platform (NanoString).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed that low-risk patients were only characterized by the presence of <jats:italic>MYD88<\/jats:italic> L265P, while intermediate- and high-risk groups harbored additional mutations on <jats:italic>CXCR4<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>KMT2D<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ARID1A<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>EP300<\/jats:italic>. Regarding the mRNA expression analyses, we found an increased proportion of myeloid cells in the low-risk group, with monocytes having a significant decrease in low versus high-risk patients. The high-risk group also upregulated genes involved in the activation of NF-\u03baB and B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, while low-risk patients upregulated genes associated with an alternative activation of B cells or a decrease of the BCR signaling, such as TOLLIP, CEACAM1 and CR1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Beyond the <jats:italic>MYD88<\/jats:italic> mutation, we described novel molecular mechanisms associated with high-risk patients, as an effort moving towards easy-to use new biomarkers in IgM gammopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1604089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:28:03Z","timestamp":1751347683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genomic and immune profiling of prognostic risk groups in IgM gammopathy reveals novel biomarkers beyond MYD88 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