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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adrenomedullin (AM) is an autocrine\/paracrine growth factor as well as a crucial regulator of angiogenesis and immune response. AM is overexpressed by most solid tumors, which makes it a good target for anti-tumor therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we designed and tested an mRNA vaccine directed against a fusion antigen composed by a small piece of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), as a hapten, and mouse AM. The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      -synthesized mRNA was encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and injected in C57BL\/6 mice. Empty LNPs were used as a negative control. After five immunizations, B16-F10 melanoma cells were injected through the tail vein to induce lung metastases. In addition, transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in the blood vessels (SMAA-GFP) were also immunized with both LNP types to assess the potential side-effects of the vaccine on normal blood vessels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antibody titers against AM and the number of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells were significantly higher in AM-immunized mice than in negative controls. Furthermore, the number and size of the lung metastases, as well as the number of blood vessels, were significantly reduced in the AM-immunized group. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the number and distribution of existing blood vessels after immunization of the SMAA-GFP animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, we have shown that an mRNA vaccine against the fusion KLH-AM peptide was able to break peripheral immunotolerance and induce a specific response against the angiogenic factor AM thus reducing tumor burden in the absence of disturbances to normal blood vessels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1604156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T01:29:57Z","timestamp":1749086997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An RNA vaccine against adrenomedullin reduces angiogenesis and tumor burden in a syngeneic metastatic melanoma mouse model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Srdan","family":"Tadic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ochoa-Callejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Narro-\u00cd\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josune","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sanmart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Cancer today\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: new dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2015.01.001","article-title":"Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0195-27","article-title":"Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease","volume":"1","author":"Folkman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9463-2_10","article-title":"Working with hypoxia","volume":"1990","author":"Bowler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000098","article-title":"Common responses of tumors and wounds to hypoxia","volume":"21","author":"Payen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/895019","article-title":"Tumour angiogenesis: A growth area - 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