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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive peripheral immune cell characterization including novel immunosuppressive subsets myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) under different immunosuppressive treatments can help: 1) Immunosuppression situation and allograft acceptance assessment; 2) Infection and rejection emergence indication; 3) Beneficial immunosuppressive regimens\u2019 selection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>26 KTRs with an average transplant duration of 360 days and 13 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. 11KTRs were included in the SRL-based therapy group and the other 15 in the TAC-based therapy group. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages and absolute numbers of MDSCs, T cell populations, HLA-DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> monocytes, neutrophil CD64 index, and cytokines in peripheral blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In KTRs, the expression of G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs was significantly higher than the HCs, while the expression of HLA-DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> monocytes, CD38<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD28<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> activated T cells, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> na\u00efve T cells, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> effector memory T cells, and central memory T cells were significantly lower. The use of mTOR inhibitors in KTRs induced changes in the distribution of activated and na\u00efve-memory T cell subsets and decreased proinflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In KTRs, G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs accumulated while functionally activated, na\u00efve-memory T cell populations and HLA-DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> monocytes markedly decreased one year after transplantation. Additionally, the number of MDSCs and T cell subsets following transplantation is likely regulated by mTOR inhibitors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1605664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T05:14:45Z","timestamp":1749618885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of peripheral immune cells in kidney transplantation recipients under different immunosuppressive 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