{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:03:17Z","timestamp":1753891397769,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is characterized by immune dysregulation, exhibiting clinical and immunological features reminiscent of autoimmune processes, although its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study examines immune system alterations in MIS-C patients, focusing on T<jats:sub>R3\u201356<\/jats:sub> lymphocytes, a novel population of regulatory T cells. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between circulating T<jats:sub>R3\u201356<\/jats:sub> cells and regulatory T cells, suggesting a potential immunoregulatory role in MIS-C pathogenesis. Furthermore, we identified significant sex-based differences in immune responses. Male patients exhibit higher percentages of T<jats:sub>R3\u201356<\/jats:sub> lymphocytes and increased expression of T cell activation markers, which correlate with greater disease severity. Conversely, female patients display immune profiles characterized by stronger immune T cell memory and regulatory responses, potentially helping to modulate inflammation. These findings highlight the relevance of considering sex-based differences in immune responses to MIS-C and suggest that T<jats:sub>R3\u201356<\/jats:sub> lymphocytes may serve as novel biomarkers and potentially as therapeutic targets. Our study enhances the understanding of immune dysregulation in MIS-C and underscores the need for sex-specific therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1606115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T04:10:39Z","timestamp":1750392639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-based immunological differences in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: potential role of TR3\u201356 cells for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and 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