{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:17:36Z","timestamp":1792091856949,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Goal<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study intended to evaluate whether the profile of soluble immune mediators observed in cord blood samples resembles the pattern identified for mother serum samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>For this purpose, parallel analysis of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors was carried out in mother\u2013newborn paired samples from acute and convalescent COVID-19 subgroups (Early, Intermediate, and Late) as well as healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data demonstrated that increased levels of CCL11, IFN-\u03b3, IL1-Ra, and G-CSF were observed in cord blood samples from most COVID-19 subgroups, with fold change magnitude from 1.6\u00d7 to 8.2\u00d7 as compared with HC. Comparative analysis of mother\u2013newborn pairs demonstrated that several immune mediators (CCL11, CCL4, IFN-\u03b3, PDFG, and G-CSF) exhibited high increment magnitude in cord blood as compared with mother serum, reaching values up to 15.7\u00d7, mainly at convalescent COVID-19 infection. The signatures of soluble immune mediators revealed distinct waveforms for cord blood and mother serum, with a waning of immune mediators in the latter, contrasting with the increasing set of molecules in the former from acute toward convalescent COVID-19. Integrative network analysis of immune mediators in mother\u2013newborn pairs showed an increase of neighborhood connectivity both in microenvironments and in their interplay from acute toward late convalescent COVID-19. Our results support the hypothesis of the interplay between mother serum and cord blood microenvironment that may impact the fetus development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, this evidence regarding the maternal\u2013fetal crosstalk can ultimately subsidize the improvement of clinical practice and public health policies for management of prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1606582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:37:25Z","timestamp":1753940245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The dialog between mother and newborn: insights from immune mediator crosstalk elicited by antenatal SARS-COV-2 exposure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria 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