{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:03:26Z","timestamp":1793930606646,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune-related adverse events, notably arthritis (irAE-arthritis), frequently occur in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Arthritis severity varies from mild to severe, adversely impacting quality of life. Despite reports in clinical trials and real-world studies, the pathophysiology and optimal management of irAE-associated arthritis (irAE-arthritis) are still unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the inception to September 25, 2025, a search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE for case reports\/series on irAE-arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common rheumatic irAEs were arthritis. Various rheumatic syndromes have been reported, such as arthralgia, mono-\/oligo-\/polyarthritis, reactive and psoriatic arthritis, RS3PE, tenosynovitis. The onset of irAE-arthritis is attributed to T cell dysregulation, B cell activation with autoantibody production, cytokine - mediated inflammation, and impaired immune tolerance due to Treg dysfunction. NSAIDs, intra-articular\/systemic corticosteroids, csDMARDs, and biologics play key roles in irAE-arthritis management, and JAK inhibitors may emerge as a significant therapeutic strategy in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the increasing use of immunotherapy in oncology and other fields, developing a comprehensive understanding of irAE-arthritis is crucial. This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of current knowledge on irAE-arthritis, including its epidemiology, clinical presentation, underlying mechanisms, and management approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1611692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T05:15:33Z","timestamp":1768367733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The clinical characteristics, mechanism and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, 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