{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T14:17:02Z","timestamp":1793888222729,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB11243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB11243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is a facultative intracellular bacterium found in soil, which causes melioidosis, a disease with diverse symptomatology. <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> is an emerging threat in the United States based on recent environmental samples and case reports. Acute infection is 10%\u201340% fatal depending on treatment conditions. No vaccines for <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> have been approved for human use, although several are under development, mostly targeting the antigens Hcp1 (hemolysin-coregulated protein 1) and CPS (capsular polysaccharide). For development of new vaccines, DNA compares favorably to other platforms in storage stability, low cost, and ease of design. Needle-free jet injection has been effective in immunizing against several infections in laboratory animals; the delivery devices are simple to use and have been FDA 510k cleared for human use. Herein, we developed a DNA vaccine targeting Hcp1 (pWRG\/Hcp1) and delivered it to rabbits and mice by jet injection using a PharmaJet Stratis and a prototype adjustable-dose PharmaJet Tropis, respectively. The Hcp1 DNA vaccine was unadjuvanted and not combined with any other <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> antigens. Immunization was followed by assessment of serum antibodies and cellular immunity against Hcp1 protein. Rabbits and mice showed induction of anti-Hcp1 antibodies after as few as two doses of pWRG\/Hcp1, and splenocytes responsive to restimulation with Hcp1 protein were also detected after two doses. These results demonstrate the feasibility of inducing immunity against Hcp1 of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> using DNA alone. These results also serve as a proof-of-concept for immunizing mice with a PharmaJet device previously only used for larger animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1612540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:24:48Z","timestamp":1750829088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune responses following DNA vaccination by needle-free injection against Burkholderia pseudomallei hemolysin co-regulated protein 1"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei S.","family":"Biryukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher 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