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Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, immunological dysregulation and environmental triggers. Current treatments, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressive agents, offer limited symptomatic relief and fail to improve long-term prognosis due to efficacy limitations and side effects. Recent advances in cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, demonstrate promise in addressing these limitations by providing immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and regenerative benefits. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of AS, the limitations of existing treatments and the clinical progress of MSC therapy, while exploring the potential of emerging CAR-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1613502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T04:11:23Z","timestamp":1752207083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Breaking boundaries in ankylosing spondylitis: how innovative cell therapies reshape immunity, drive cutting-edge advances, and face future 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