{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:49:24Z","timestamp":1789130964938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The immune system plays a central role in health and disease. Changes in the proportions of immune cell types have been linked with diverse pathological conditions. However, direct measurements of circulating immune cells are often not available, especially in large human cohorts. Here, whole blood DNA methylation (DNAm) array data might be a feasible solution to study the links between immune cells and human health. This study investigated associations between DNAm estimates of six immune cell types and fifteen circulating serum biomarkers related to health conditions among 1007 participants of the BiDirect Study and then performed follow-up analyses. We found an association between the granulocyte estimates (Gran) and serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; beta=0.021, p=3.71x10\n                    <jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>\n                    , false discovery rate-FDR=0.0038). This was further confirmed by polygenic score analysis (beta=0.0325, p=0.041). In follow-up analyses, we identified a statistical interaction between Gran and hsCRP linked to the diagnosis of chronic pain (beta = -5.65, p=0.0047, FDR = 0.047) and showed significant Gran-hsCRP interaction effects on pain perception as assessed with the pain sensitivity questionnaire (PSQ-minor; beta=0.43, p=0.0125). In addition, by analyzing DNAm levels in granulocyte-expressed genes, we pinpointed potential novel target genes for chronic pain, including\n                    <jats:italic>PLBD1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TAPBP<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings exemplify the utility of blood DNAm and immune cell-type estimates to help identify clinically relevant links between immunity and health outcomes in large cohorts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1613557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T05:26:01Z","timestamp":1765344361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utility of blood DNA methylation and immune cell-type estimates to identify clinically relevant links between immunity and health conditions in a large cohort"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marisol","family":"Herrera-Rivero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Homann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Nauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kuhle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Minnerup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Hermesdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2308511120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308511120","article-title":"The total mass, number, and distribution of immune cells in the human body","volume":"120","author":"Sender","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1198734","article-title":"Association between immune cells in peripheral blood and psychiatric symptoms","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-023-01211-5","article-title":"A meta-analysis of immune-cell fractions at high resolution reveals novel associations with common phenotypes and health outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-174","article-title":"Establishing the bidirectional relationship between depression and subclinical arteriosclerosis\u2013rationale, design, and characteristics of the BiDirect Study","volume":"14","author":"Teismann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-86","article-title":"DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution","volume":"13","author":"Houseman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115","article-title":"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00783-5","article-title":"The Polygenic Score Catalog as an open database for reproducibility and systematic evaluation","volume":"53","author":"Lambert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","article-title":"Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02688-1","article-title":"Berger K. 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