{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T14:59:32Z","timestamp":1791644372320,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human adenovirus serotype 4 (HAdV-4) is an epidemic pathogen associated with severe acute respiratory disease (ARD) in both pediatric and adult populations. Currently, no available vaccine or therapeutic interventions specifically targeting adenoviruses are available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HAdV-4 infected donors and generated fully human monoclonal antibodies using single-cell PCR technology. The antibodies were first characterized for their neutralization efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, we predicted key functional residues through structural modeling of antigen-antibody complexes and validated their roles via mutagenesis studies. Finally, the mechanism of intracellular neutralization of antibodies was explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through systematic screening, we successfully isolated seven antibodies with specific binding activity, among which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 2CF4 and 4AC3 exhibited potent neutralizing capacity against HAdV-4. Notably, we modeled adenoviral lethality using Stat1<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> transgenic mice, mAb 2CF4 conferred full protection against HAdV-4 infection in Stat1<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> transgenic mice. We identified critical amino acid residues, R99, R102 and T104 aa, of mAb 2CF4 by structural prediction of the antigen-antibody complex. Furthermore, the mAb 2CF4 neutralize the HAdV-4 through the interaction with the widely expressed cytoplasmic Fc-binding protein TRIM21.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, mAb 2CF4 represents a promising candidate for safe and effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against HAdV-4 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1613945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:12:17Z","timestamp":1750306337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protection against lethal HAdV-4 challenge in STAT1 mice by novel human monoclonal 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