{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:28:49Z","timestamp":1764052129898,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2022-1110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-1110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The complex interplay between sarcoidosis and COVID-19 remains an important area of research, since COVID-19 leads to long-term changes in the immune system. However, COVID-19 is often followed by autoimmune diseases, including newly manifesting sarcoidosis. The goal of this study is to characterize CD4+ T cell subsets, playing a pivotal role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity, in the peripheral blood of patients with sarcoidosis after COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The peripheral blood samples from patients with sarcoidosis (n = 61) were studied. We divided patients into two distinct groups: sarcoidosis patients with no history of COVID-19 (n= 30) and COVID-19 convalescent patients with sarcoidosis within 12\u201324 weeks after recovery (n = 31). Healthy controls (n = 40) were similar in terms of age and sex to patients with sarcoidosis. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood cells was performed using a ten-color flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sarcoidosis patients with COVID-19 history had higher levels of T-helper cells (Th) when compared to COVID-19 na\u00efve patients with sarcoidosis, but lower levels when compared to healthy controls. In COVID-19 convalescent patients with sarcoidosis, we noted higher absolute numbers and percentages of CD45RA\u2013CCR7\u2013 and CD45RA+CCR7\u2013 cells within Th subset. Among COVID-19 convalescent patients with sarcoidosis we also found higher levels of T helper 1 cells and T helper 2 cells (with CXCR5\u2013CCR6\u2013CXCR3+CCR4\u2013 and CXCR5\u2013CCR6\u2013CXCR3\u2013CCR4+ phenotypes, respectively) when compared to other groups. We also noted a statistically significant increase in central memory CXCR5+CCR6\u2013CXCR3\u2013 follicular Th cells, as wells as effector memory CXCR5+CCR6\u2013CXCR3\u2013 and CXCR5+CCR6+CXCR3\u2013 follicular Th cells in both groups of patients with sarcoidosis vs. healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrated Th cells imbalance in patients with sarcoidosis and COVID-19 history. These findings suggest possible clinical and visual progression of chronic lung sarcoidosis in COVID-19 convalescent patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1614461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:25:18Z","timestamp":1764051918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune responses in pulmonary sarcoidosis following 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