{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:46:05Z","timestamp":1787067965154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lead to progressive multi-organ damage due to immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation. Current therapies lack efficacy and safety, often failing to sustain remission. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for immune modulation and tissue repair. This study analyzes clinical trial trends and challenges of stem cell therapy in autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial data (2006\u20132025) were extracted from Trialtrove. Strict inclusion criteria were applied, restricting the analysis to interventional trials while excluding observational studies, non-autoimmune disease trials, and records with incomplete information. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze trial phases, disease types, geographic distribution, funding sources, therapeutic mechanisms, and stem cell sources, followed by a comparative evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, combination strategies, and safety profiles across autoimmune indications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 1,511 global trials, 244 were included after screening and cross-referencing. Most trials (83.6%) were in Phase I-II. CD (n=85), SLE (n=36), and scleroderma (n=32) were the most studied. The U.S. and China led in trial numbers. Academic institutions funded 49.2% of trials. Key therapeutic strategies included immune modulation, tissue repair via growth factors, and anti-infection\/anti-proliferative effects. Disease-specific variations were noted in cell sources and administration routes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stem cell therapy holds substantial promise for autoimmune disease treatment. Future efforts should prioritize technological innovation, international collaboration, and precision medicine to address current challenges and advance clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1616231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T05:34:31Z","timestamp":1753335271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Global clinical trials on stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases: trends and future 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