{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:16:04Z","timestamp":1792808164415,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Luteolin, a natural flavonoid, exerts broad immunomodulatory effects across multiple immune cell populations, positioning it as a promising candidate for treating inflammatory diseases, infections, and cancer. This review synthesizes current evidence on luteolin\u2019s effects on T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Luteolin promotes the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppresses pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) and Th2 responses, thereby restoring immune balance in sepsis, allergies, and autoimmunity. In macrophages, it skews polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)\/STAT6 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) pathways, while inhibiting nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Neutrophil functions are dampened by reduced oxidative stress, adhesion molecule expression, and induction of apoptosis. Luteolin may enhance NK-cell cytotoxicity and DC-mediated antigen presentation while curbing eosinophil and basophil activation in allergic disorders. Despite preclinical successes, future research should prioritize mechanistic insights, structural optimization, and clinical translation to unlock luteolin\u2019s full therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:27:43Z","timestamp":1760419663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Luteolin as a multifaceted immunomodulator: insights into its effects on diverse immune cell populations and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108592","article-title":"Tracking inflammation status for improving patient prognosis: A review of current methods, unmet clinical needs and opportunities","volume":"82","author":"Raju","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol advances"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565158","article-title":"The immune tolerance role of Bregs in inhibiting human inflammatory diseases, with a focus on diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02371-z","article-title":"Immunosenescence: signaling pathways, diseases and therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal transduction targeted Ther"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2024.0893","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of flavonoids for immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review","volume":"37","author":"Louis-Jean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155901","article-title":"Icariin protects against acute graft-versus-host disease while preserving graft-versus-leukemia activity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"132","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int J phytotherapy phytopharmacology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14994","article-title":"Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of luteolin and catechin","volume":"85","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14095","article-title":"Biosynthesis of a water solubility-enhanced succinyl glucoside derivative of luteolin and its neuroprotective effect","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbial Biotechnol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2174\/138955709787001712","article-title":"Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin","volume":"9","author":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00e1zaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mini Rev medicinal Chem"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170699","article-title":"Luteolin enhanced antioxidant capability and induced pyroptosis through NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 in splenic lymphocytes exposure to ammonia","volume":"919","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci total environment"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103817","article-title":"Luteolin alleviates cadmium-induced metabolism disorder through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in chicken kidney","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.10.008","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits Cr(VI)-induced Malignant cell transformation of human lung epithelial cells by targeting ROS mediated multiple cell signaling pathways","volume":"281","author":"Pratheeshkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2010.62","article-title":"Protective effects of luteolin against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury involves inhibition of MEK\/ERK and PI3K\/Akt pathways in neutrophils","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta pharmacologica Sinica"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106070","article-title":"Effects of luteolin on treatment of psoriasis by repressing HSP90","volume":"79","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119157","article-title":"Luteolin modulates macrophage phenotypic switching via the AMPK-PPAR\u03b3 pathway to alleviate ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"339","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01596-8","article-title":"The multifaceted anticancer potential of luteolin: involvement of NF-\u03baB, AMPK\/mTOR, PI3K\/Akt, MAPK, and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathways","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.08.012","article-title":"GLM, a novel luteolin derivative, attenuates inflammatory responses in dendritic cells: Therapeutic potential against ulcerative colitis","volume":"518","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155818","article-title":"Mechanism of Prunella vulgaris L. and luteolin in restoring Tfh\/Tfr balance and alleviating oxidative stress in Graves' disease","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int J phytotherapy phytopharmacology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114189","article-title":"Luteolin alleviates olfactory dysfunction in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis through modulation of the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"148","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8066","article-title":"Luteolin, a flavone ingredient: Anticancer mechanisms, combined medication strategy, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and pharmaceutical researches","volume":"38","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytotherapy research: PTR"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4682","article-title":"Antioxidative and anticancer potential of luteolin: A comprehensive approach against wide range of human Malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Mahwish","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-024-00610-8","article-title":"Luteolin for neurodegenerative diseases: a review","volume":"76","author":"Jayawickreme","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol reports: PR"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020124","article-title":"Polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids against neurodegeneration: evaluating the neuroprotective effects of phytocompounds through a comprehensive review of the current evidence","volume":"15","author":"de Lima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030452","article-title":"Neuroprotective properties of clove (Syzygium aromaticum): state of the art and future pharmaceutical applications for alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Sargsyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2138257","article-title":"Nutritional activities of luteolin in obesity and associated metabolic diseases: an eye on adipose tissues","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109670","article-title":"Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) phytochemicals target the components of metabolic syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Laurindo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8199","article-title":"Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach","volume":"38","author":"Harahap","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytotherapy research: PTR"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155409","article-title":"Roles of flavonoids in ischemic heart disease: Cardioprotective effects and mechanisms against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"126","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int J phytotherapy phytopharmacology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03850-y","article-title":"Unrevealing the mechanisms behind the cardioprotective effect of wheat polyphenolics","volume":"98","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch toxicology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023620","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2023620","article-title":"A comprehensive review on potential in silico screened herbal bioactive compounds and host targets in the cardiovascular disease therapy","volume":"2024","author":"Zarenezhad","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18388\/pb.2021_562","article-title":"Activity of flavonoids of natural origin on SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"70","author":"Sergiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postepy biochemii"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8481","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158481","article-title":"COVID-19-associated sepsis: potential role of phytochemicals as functional foods and nutraceuticals","volume":"25","author":"de Souza Goncalves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106404","article-title":"Effectiveness of phytoproducts against pathogenic free-living amoebae - A scoping and critical review paving the way toward plant-based pharmaceuticals","volume":"182","author":"Cha\u00faque","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1699","article-title":"Luteolin as a modulator of skin aging and inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Gendrisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioFactors (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13515","article-title":"Advances in research on flavonoids in tumor immunotherapy (Review)","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2025.10013","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of pelargonium sidoides extract (EPs7630) in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis","volume":"27","author":"Peri\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.70358","article-title":"Biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of tanshinones and phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza","volume":"123","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant journal: Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.037","article-title":"Principles and therapeutic applications of adaptive immunity","volume":"187","author":"Chi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8883962","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8883962","article-title":"Luteolin regulates the differentiation of regulatory T cells and activates IL-10-dependent macrophage polarization against acute lung injury","volume":"2021","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107914","article-title":"Luteolin activates Tregs to promote IL-10 expression and alleviating caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis in sepsis-induced lung injury","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.12.003","article-title":"Luteolin attenuates airway inflammation by inducing the transition of CD4(+)CD25(-) to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"820","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijaai.v24i3.18684","article-title":"Luteolin ameliorates allergic rhinitis in mice through modulating T cell subset imbalance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and NLRP3 inflammasome axes","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iranian J allergy asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2023.2166527","article-title":"Luteolin restored Treg\/Th17 balance to ameliorate allergic rhinitis in a mouse model","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol immunotoxicology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2021.1905659","article-title":"Luteolin ameliorates inflammation and Th1\/Th2 imbalance via regulating the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway in allergic rhinitis rats","volume":"43","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol immunotoxicology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0194","article-title":"mRNA destabilization by BTG1 and BTG2 maintains T cell quiescence","volume":"367","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.05.012","article-title":"The flavones luteolin and apigenin inhibit in vitro antigen-specific proliferation and interferon-gamma production by murine and human autoimmune T cells","volume":"68","author":"Verbeek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.356","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits myelin basic protein-induced human mast cell activation and mast cell-dependent stimulation of Jurkat T cells","volume":"155","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107441","article-title":"Luteolin as an adjuvant effectively enhances CTL anti-tumor response in B16F10 mouse model","volume":"94","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13831-8","article-title":"Luteolin as an adjuvant effectively enhanced the efficacy of adoptive tumor-specific CTLs therapy","volume":"25","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18535","article-title":"Luteolin exerts anti-tumour immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma by accelerating CD8(+) T lymphocyte infiltration","volume":"28","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008887","article-title":"Luteolin-mediated Kv1.3 K+ channel inhibition augments BCG vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis by promoting central memory T cell responses in mice","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177984","article-title":"Luteolin targets peroxiredoxin 2 to augment T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and suppress lung adenocarcinoma progression","volume":"1004","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009805","article-title":"Luteolin as a potential host-directed immunotherapy adjunct to isoniazid treatment of tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS pathogens"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06945-1","article-title":"Natural killer cell therapies","volume":"626","author":"Vivier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-4541-5","article-title":"Flavones induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by activating cellular anti-oxidant activity: a structure-activity relationship study","volume":"37","author":"Kilani-Jaziri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour biology: J Int Soc Oncodevelopmental Biol Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-017-0808-7","article-title":"Thermal treatment of luteolin-7-O-\u03b2-glucoside improves its immunomodulatory and antioxidant potencies","volume":"22","author":"Maatouk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stress chaperones"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-015-0624-5","article-title":"Naringenin enhances NK cell lysis activity by increasing the expression of NKG2D ligands on Burkitt's lymphoma cells","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch pharmacal Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00859-1","article-title":"Dendritic cells as orchestrators of anticancer immunity and immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Heras-Murillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02156.x","article-title":"The flavonoid luteolin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB signalling and gene expression by blocking IkappaB kinase activity in intestinal epithelial cells and bone-marrow derived dendritic cells","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411930","article-title":"Paclitaxel\/luteolin coloaded dual-functional liposomes for esophageal cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Sci (Weinheim Baden-Wurttemberg Germany)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352946","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: an important role in inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01966-4","article-title":"Exosome circATP8A1 induces macrophage M2 polarization by regulating the miR-1-3p\/STAT6 axis to promote gastric cancer progression","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol cancer"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173090","article-title":"Macrophage M1\/M2 polarization","volume":"877","author":"Yunna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01099-7","article-title":"Luteolin alters macrophage polarization to inhibit inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2036897","article-title":"Luteolin activates M2 macrophages and suppresses M1 macrophages by upregulation of hsa_circ_0001326 in THP-1 derived macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110996","article-title":"Luteolin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice via suppressing macrophage activation and chemotaxis","volume":"124","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109573","article-title":"Luteolin prevents THP-1 macrophage pyroptosis by suppressing ROS production via Nrf2 activation","volume":"345","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemico-biological interactions"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2022.151989","article-title":"Regulation of SIRT1-TLR2\/TLR4 pathway in cell communication from macrophages to hepatic stellate cells contribute to alleviates hepatic fibrosis by Luteoloside","volume":"125","author":"Xiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta histochemica"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175823","article-title":"Luteolin attenuates lupus nephritis by regulating macrophage oxidative stress via HIF-1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"953","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101129","article-title":"Luteolin promotes macrophage-mediated phagocytosis by inhibiting CD47 pyroglutamation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans Oncol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01746B","article-title":"Luteolin attenuates hepatic injury in septic mice by regulating P2X7R-based HMGB1 release","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113612","article-title":"Luteolin ameliorates periodontitis by modulating mitochondrial dynamics and macrophage polarization via the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"144","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118022","article-title":"Synergistic effect of paeoniflorin combined with luteolin in alleviating Lipopolysaccharides-induced acute lung injury","volume":"327","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00888-z","article-title":"The combination of Schisandrin C and Luteolin synergistically attenuates hepatitis B virus infection via repressing HBV replication and promoting cGAS-STING pathway activation in macrophages","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-00944-3","article-title":"Neutrophils and NETs in kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15434","article-title":"Punicalin attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production and MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling in mice","volume":"9","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-023-01893-4","article-title":"NMI functions as immuno-regulatory molecule in sepsis by regulating multiple signaling pathways","volume":"47","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.06.003","article-title":"Luteolin attenuates neutrophilic oxidative stress and inflammatory arthritis by inhibiting Raf1 activity","volume":"154","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.012","article-title":"Luteolin attenuates the pulmonary inflammatory response involves abilities of antioxidation and inhibition of MAPK and NF\u03baB pathways in mice with endotoxin-induced acute lung injury","volume":"49","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem toxicology: an Int J published Br Ind Biol Res Assoc"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0537-2","article-title":"Luteolin suppresses inflammation through inhibiting cAMP-phosphodiesterases activity and expression of adhesion molecules in microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"27","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520120129","article-title":"Metabolic fate of luteolin and its functional activity at focal site","volume":"12","author":"Shimoi","year":"2000","journal-title":"BioFactors (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031066","article-title":"The flavonoid luteolin inhibits Fc\u03b3-dependent respiratory burst in granulocytes, but not skin blistering in a new model of pemphigoid in adult mice","volume":"7","author":"Oswald","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-218990","article-title":"Flavones induce neutrophil apoptosis by down-regulation of Mcl-1 via a proteasomal-dependent pathway","volume":"27","author":"Lucas","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB journal: Off Publ Fed Am Societies Exp Biol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf1031668","article-title":"Luteolin ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro: implications for therapy of lung fibrosis","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2160770","article-title":"Luteolin alleviated neutrophilic asthma by inhibiting IL-36\u03b3 secretion-mediated MAPK pathways","volume":"61","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100442","article-title":"Treatment with luteolin improves lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal diseases in rats","volume":"8","author":"Casili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01261-2","article-title":"Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ogulur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2017.67315","article-title":"Anti-allergic effect of luteolin in mice with allergic asthma and rhinitis","volume":"42","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Central-European J Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00291","article-title":"Luteolin attenuates allergic nasal inflammation via inhibition of interleukin-4 in an allergic rhinitis mouse model and peripheral blood from human subjects with allergic rhinitis","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.32.1500","article-title":"Antiasthmatic activity of luteolin-7-O-glucoside from Ailanthus altissima through the downregulation of T helper 2 cytokine expression and inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model","volume":"32","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Pharm bulletin"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-013-0670-8","article-title":"Flavones derived from nature attenuate the immediate and late-phase asthmatic responses to aerosolized-ovalbumin exposure in conscious Guinea pigs","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation research: Off J Eur Histamine Res Society"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960812","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of luteolin 4'-O-glucoside from Kummerowia striata and other flavonoids on interleukin-5 bioactivity","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"Planta medica"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1056838","article-title":"Basophils from allergy to cancer","volume":"13","author":"Poto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00768.x","article-title":"Effects of luteolin, quercetin and baicalein on immunoglobulin E-mediated mediator release from human cultured mast cells","volume":"30","author":"Kimata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp allergy: J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000092554","article-title":"Luteolin, a flavonoid, inhibits CD40 ligand expression by activated human basophils","volume":"140","author":"Hirano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.11.157","article-title":"Luteolin, a flavonoid, inhibits AP-1 activation by basophils","volume":"340","author":"Hirano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1111.11060","article-title":"6-Methoxyluteolin from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum suppresses histamine release and calcium influx via down-regulation of Fc\u03f5RI \u03b1 chain expression","volume":"22","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11233857","article-title":"In vitro effect of flavonoids on basophils degranulation and intestinal epithelial barrier damage induced by \u03c9-5 gliadin-derived peptide","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3016078","article-title":"Antiallergic effect of Picholine olive oil-in-water emulsions through \u03b2-hexosaminidase release inhibition and characterization of their physicochemical properties","volume":"60","author":"Isoda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.02.009","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of adlay bran (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) on chemical mediator release and cytokine production in rat basophilic leukemia cells","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000078498","article-title":"Flavonoids such as luteolin, fisetin and apigenin are inhibitors of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 production by activated human basophils","volume":"134","author":"Hirano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.69.1","article-title":"Coumarin and flavone derivatives from estragon and thyme as inhibitors of chemical mediator release from RBL-2H3 Cells","volume":"69","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioscience biotechnology Biochem"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02998-0","article-title":"Microfluidic-engineered Chinese herbal nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres for diabetic wound tissue regeneration","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c08282","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of gelatin-finger citron polysaccharide nanoparticles for enhanced solubility and bioavailability of luteolin in treating acute alcoholic liver disease","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114851","article-title":"TPGS-Functionalized Nanocarriers with improved flavonoid oral bioavailability and therapeutic Action: Pharmacokinetic and Mechanistic Insights in Diabetes-Induced Retinopathy","volume":"216","author":"Abdelmonem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm biopharmaceutics: Off J Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik Evol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02898-4","article-title":"Fabrication of luteolin nanoemulsion by box-behnken design to enhance its oral absorption via lymphatic transport","volume":"25","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621367\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:27:44Z","timestamp":1760419664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621367\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"article-number":"1621367"}}