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We explore the initial discovery of macrophages and their role in SCI lesions, followed by how microglia were examined and distinguished from monocyte-derived macrophages. We then discuss findings from studies that mapped and manipulated microglia in experimental SCI, made possible through technological advances in genetic, pharmacological, and bioinformatic approaches. We also highlight the importance of considering how the timing and location of microglia activation shapes neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity and intraspinal circuit remodelling. 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