{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T14:14:32Z","timestamp":1794406472523,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin depigmentation or vitiligo-like depigmentation (VLD) is one of the most prevalent cutaneous adverse events during targeted therapies for cancers or autoimmune diseases. The depigmentation is usually with high mental burden and affect the disease treatment, some of which are even clinical markers for good prognosis. This study aimed to explore the underlying immunopathologic mechanisms of VLD induced by targeted therapy for cancer and autoimmune disease as well as vaccine, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., programmed death 1\/programmed death\u2013ligand 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 inhibitors), v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and other targeted agents. Additionally, it examined the clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies for VLD across oncologic and nononcologic contexts, including cases associated with vaccines and biologics. The development of VLD often correlates with improved therapeutic outcomes, but it presents unique challenges in balancing antitumor efficacy with patients\u2019 quality of life. This review integrated insights from oncology, dermatology, and immunology, and underscored the need for multidisciplinary approaches to enhance the understanding, prevention, and management of these complex cutaneous adverse events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1625738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T05:27:57Z","timestamp":1754630877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeted therapies induced depigmentation: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2019-0090","article-title":"Aggravation of depigmentation for a non-small-cell lung cancer patient with pre-existing vitiligo using anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy: case report","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2019_86-2","article-title":"Development of cancer immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 pathway","volume":"86","author":"Kamimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1071983","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143047","article-title":"Cutaneous events associated with immunotherapy of melanoma: A review","volume":"10","author":"Burzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475420943260","article-title":"Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) to immune checkpoint inhibitors: A dermatology perspective on management","volume":"25","author":"Muntyanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.04.046","article-title":"Cutaneous toxicity as a predictive biomarker for clinical outcome in patients receiving anticancer therapy","volume":"79","author":"Rzepecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000290","article-title":"Dermatologic complications of anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Sibaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0336-3","article-title":"Dermatologic reactions to immune checkpoint inhibitors: skin toxicities and immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Sibaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1136","article-title":"Nivolumab in resected and unresectable metastatic melanoma: characteristics of immune-related adverse events and association with outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Freeman-Keller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-0488.18.06254-5","article-title":"Vitiligo-like lesions occurring in patients receiving anti-programmed cell death-1 therapies","volume":"154","author":"Dousset","year":"2019","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15973","article-title":"A case report of vitiligo following toripalimab therapy for a patient with metastatic melanoma","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19112","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations induced by check point inhibitors in 120 melanoma patients\u2014The European MelSkinTox study","volume":"37","author":"L'Orphelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194576","article-title":"Clinical presentation and prognostic features in patients with immunotherapy-induced vitiligo-like depigmentation: A monocentric prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Hermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15309","article-title":"Correlation between cutaneous adverse events and prognosis in patients with melanoma treated with nivolumab: A single institutional retrospective study","volume":"47","author":"Nakano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07508-7","article-title":"The association between immune-related adverse events and survival outcomes in Asian patients with advanced melanoma receiving anti-PD-1 antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.11.017","article-title":"Vitiligo under anti\u2013programmed cell death-1 therapy is associated with increased survival in melanoma patients","volume":"82","author":"Nardin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886313666180730114309","article-title":"Cutaneous adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A summarized overview","volume":"14","author":"Plachouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Drug Saf"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100064","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor associated vitiligo and its impact on survival in patients with metastatic melanoma: an Italian Melanoma Intergroup study","volume":"6","author":"Guida","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232470962311546","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096231154640","article-title":"A rare case presentation of vitiligo associated with atezolizumab","volume":"11","author":"Nwanwene","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1099108","article-title":"Case Report: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related vitiligo-like depigmentation in non-melanoma advanced cancer: A report of three cases and a pooled analysis of individual patient data","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3319","article-title":"Clinical and pathological relevance of drug-induced vitiligo in patients treated for metastatic melanoma with anti-PD1 or BRAF\/MEK inhibitors","volume":"100","author":"Ramondetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19739","article-title":"Pembrolizumab-induced vitiligo in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patient with durable complete response","volume":"13","author":"Wilkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.105","article-title":"Dermatologic toxicities to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A review of histopathologic features","volume":"83","author":"Ellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000932","article-title":"Vitiligo-like depigmentation induced by anti\u2013programmed death 1 antibody","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579022","article-title":"Targeting the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis in human vitiligo","volume":"11","author":"Willemsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2017.3096","article-title":"Nivolumab-induced vitiligo successfully treated with narrowband UVB phototherapy","volume":"27","author":"Miyagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3199","article-title":"Vitiligo repigmentation with melanoma progression during pembrolizumab treatment","volume":"99","author":"Nardin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-022-05247-5","article-title":"Anti-programmed death-1 inhibitor nivolumab-induced immune-related adverse events: hepatitis, renal insufficiency, myositis, vitiligo, and hypothyroidism: a case-based review","volume":"43","author":"Zeki\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13810","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013810","article-title":"Vitiligo-like lesions in a patient treated with nivolumab for renal cell carcinoma","volume":"97","author":"Lolli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2017.04.019","article-title":"Vitiligo in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma treated with nivolumab: A case report","volume":"109","author":"Uenami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_60_22","article-title":"Tislelizumab induced vitiligo-like depigmentation in a Chinese patient with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13382","article-title":"Vitiligo-like lesions and immune checkpoint inhibition therapy: is it truly an adverse event exclusive to patients with melanoma","volume":"43","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lomba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.287","article-title":"Radiotherapy may exacerbated anti-programmed cell death 1 treatment induced vitiligo: A case report","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.552","article-title":"Skin autoimmunity might be associated with increased efficacy of atezolizumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a case report","volume":"60","author":"Rkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.05.104","article-title":"Nivolumab induced vitiligo-like lesions in a patient with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","volume":"10","author":"Nishino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"82","article-title":"Adverse reactions to biologics: melanoma (Ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab)","volume-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol. S. Karger AG","author":"Hwang","year":"2018"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.108","article-title":"The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway","volume":"18","author":"Sharpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1563-y","article-title":"Long term impact of CTLA4 blockade immunotherapy on regulatory and effector immune responses in patients with melanoma","volume":"16","author":"Retseck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-034066","article-title":"CTLA-4 dysregulation of self\/tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell function is CD4+ T-cell dependent","volume":"108","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18944","article-title":"Near total body vitiligo secondary to immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma","volume":"183","author":"Olamiju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0980","article-title":"MAPK pathway and TERT promoter gene mutation pattern and its prognostic value in melanoma patients: A retrospective study of 2,793 cases","volume":"23","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1468955","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1468955","article-title":"Immunological effects of BRAF+MEK inhibition","volume":"7","author":"Ascierto","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.01.012","article-title":"Vitiligo in 2 patients receiving vemurafenib for metastatic melanoma","volume":"69","author":"Alonso-Castro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214884","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214884","article-title":"Panniculitis and vitiligo occurring during BRAF and MEK inhibitors combination in advanced melanoma patients: Potential predictive role of treatment efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Consoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000918","article-title":"Vitiligo-like hypopigmentation induced by dabrafenib-trametinib: a potential marker for clinical response","volume":"33","author":"Carmona-Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2925","article-title":"Long-term survival of a patient with metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab and vemurafenib, with the development of vitiligo","volume":"27","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-021-01071-1","article-title":"Emerging skin toxicities in patients with breast cancer treated with new cyclin-dependent kinase 4\/6 inhibitors: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Silvestri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-020-05914-w","article-title":"Vitiligo-like lesions in patients with advanced breast cancer treated with cycline-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors","volume":"185","author":"Sollena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-023-07217-2","article-title":"Multi-center retrospective review of vitiligo-like lesions in breast cancer patients treated with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors","volume":"204","author":"Bang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.13585","article-title":"Drug induced vitiligo-like depigmentation from a CDK 4\/6 inhibitor","volume":"18","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_85_23","article-title":"Photoallergic dermatitis and vitiligo-like lesion in a patient with metastatic breast cancer using ribociclib","volume":"55","author":"Mente\u015fo\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9299","article-title":"Decreased SUMOylation of the retinoblastoma protein in keratinocytes during the pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63260-9","article-title":"Biphasic expression of two paracrine melanogenic cytokines, stem cell factor and endothelin-1, in ultraviolet B-induced human melanogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Hachiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00023","article-title":"Immunomodulatory roles of cell cycle regulators","volume":"7","author":"Laphanuwat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23465","article-title":"CDK4\/6 inhibition triggers anti-tumour immunity","volume":"548","author":"Goel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1067264","article-title":"Case report: Vitiligo-like toxicity due to ribociclib during first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer: two cases of premature interruption of therapy and exceptional response","volume":"13","author":"Pasqualoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0337","article-title":"Best practices in chronic myeloid leukemia monitoring and management","volume":"21","author":"Soverini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh068","article-title":"Pigmentary changes in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib mesylate","volume":"15","author":"Arora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1289","article-title":"Hair depigmentation and vitiligo-like lesions in a leukaemic paediatric patient during chemotherapy with dasatinib","volume":"92","author":"Brazzelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18096","article-title":"Imatinib-induced generalized vitiligo","volume":"197","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2012.01583.x","article-title":"Piebaldism","volume":"40","author":"Oiso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D31910020020","article-title":"Gefitinib-associated vitiligo: report in a man with parotid squamous cell carcinoma and review of drug-induced hypopigmentation","volume":"19","author":"Jalalat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.113582","article-title":"Alectinib induced vitiligo with rapid re-pigmentation","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000001350","article-title":"Does venetoclax cause vitiligo","volume":"134","author":"Baddam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000001350","article-title":"Venetoclax-induced vitiligo in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"33","author":"Abdeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2021.4002","article-title":"Mogamulizumab-induced vitiligo in patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome: three cases","volume":"31","author":"Algarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15102","article-title":"Onset of vitiligo in a psoriasis patient on ixekizumab","volume":"34","author":"Marasca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15874","article-title":"Generalized versus localized vitiligo after ixekizumab: May previous treatment affect the clinical presentation","volume":"35","author":"Martora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1077681","article-title":"Anti-IL-17A antibody-associated de novo vitiligo: Case report and review of literature","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.21.078","article-title":"Progression of pre-existing vitiligo during secukinumab treatment for psoriasis","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2022.12.004","article-title":"Secukinumab-induced vitiligo: A new case report and review of the literature","volume":"78","author":"Bouzid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Therapies"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"omz134","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omz134","article-title":"Resolution of post-adalimumab vitiligo with secukinumab in a patient with psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"2020","author":"Palazzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxf Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15305","article-title":"Segmental vitiligo following acitretin treatment for infantile generalized pustular psoriasis resulting in repigmentation under secukinumab therapy","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12002","article-title":"Deterioration of vitiligo and new onset of halo naevi observed in two patients receiving adalimumab: Deterioration of vitiligo","volume":"26","author":"Maruthappu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142887","article-title":"Segmental vitiligo after infliximab use for rheumatoid arthritis - A case report","volume":"89","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2023.03.001","article-title":"New-onset vitiligo during treatment with golimumab","volume":"150","author":"Bahbouhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.11.012","article-title":"Increased risk of vitiligo following anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: A 10-year population-based cohort study","volume":"138","author":"Bae","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12917","article-title":"Vitiligo in a patient receiving infliximab for chronic plaque psoriasis","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.12.6821","article-title":"In vivo neutralization of TNF-alpha promotes humoral autoimmunity by preventing the induction of CTL","volume":"167","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3150","article-title":"Type I IFN and TNF\u03b1 cross-regulation in immune-mediated inflammatory disease: Basic concepts and clinical relevance","volume":"12","author":"Cantaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B81","article-title":"New-onset vitiligo as an unusual cutaneous reaction under ustekinumab therapy in patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Ok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3895","article-title":"IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines: From discovery to targeted therapies for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04037.x","article-title":"Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: Function and regulation of human T helper 17 cells in health and disease","volume":"159","author":"Crome","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102181","article-title":"Acquired hemophilia A and other autoimmune diseases after alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis: A report of two cases","volume":"44","author":"Comini-Frota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14448","article-title":"Alemtuzumab-induced Alopecia areata \u2013 a case report and systematic literature review of adverse events associated with Alemtuzumab","volume":"19","author":"Dikeoulia","year":"2021","journal-title":"JDDG J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.6611.2018008","article-title":"Vit\u00edligo con fen\u00f3meno de Koebner en una paciente con esclerosis m\u00faltiple tratada con alemtuzumab","volume":"66","author":"Eichau Madue\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16781","article-title":"Alemtuzumab-induced halo naevus-like hypopigmentation \u2013 new insights into secondary skin autoimmunity in response to an immune cell-depleting antibody","volume":"35","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.2","article-title":"Reprogramming the immune repertoire with alemtuzumab in MS","volume":"9","author":"Wiendl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0676","article-title":"Interpreting lymphocyte reconstitution data from the pivotal phase 3 trials of alemtuzumab","volume":"74","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006648","article-title":"Vitiligo after alemtuzumab treatment: Secondary autoimmunity is not all about B cells","volume":"91","author":"Ruck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01204","article-title":"Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis: Short- and long-term effects of immunodepletion on the peripheral treg compartment","volume":"10","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003008","article-title":"Skin effector memory T cells do not recirculate and provide immune protection in alemtuzumab-treated CTCL patients","volume":"4","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00581","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v101.545","article-title":"Rapid enlargement of vitiligo vulgaris after initiation of dupilumab for atopic dermatitis: A case report","volume":"101","author":"Takeoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12385","article-title":"Multiple halo naevi associated with tocilizumab","volume":"39","author":"Kuet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"omw027","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omw027","article-title":"Halo naevi, vitiligo and diffuse alopecia areata associated with tocilizumab therapy","volume":"2016","author":"Nadesalingam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxf Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16799","article-title":"COVID -19 vaccine\u2013associated vitiligo: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary referral center and systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2022.01.030","article-title":"Lesiones faciales de vit\u00edligo tras la administraci\u00f3n de la vacuna frente a SARS-CoV-2","volume":"113","author":"Flores-Terry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.86","article-title":"New-onset vitiligo following COVID-19 disease","volume":"2","author":"Herzum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15196","article-title":"Sudden onset of vitiligo after COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"35","author":"Ciccarese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-020-09152-6","article-title":"Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and mammalian proteomes: implications for the vaccine","volume":"68","author":"Kanduc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.01.030","article-title":"Vitiligo following COVID-19: A case report and review of pathophysiology","volume":"22","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15502","article-title":"COVID -19 and autoimmune phenomena: Vitiligo after Astrazeneca vaccine","volume":"35","author":"L\u00f3pez Riquelme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.102961","article-title":"De novo vitiligo following covid-19 infection and vaccination: A door open to future events","volume":"55","author":"Mormile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.20902","article-title":"Vitiligo possibly triggered by COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"14","author":"Militello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45546","article-title":"Vitiligo following COVID-19 vaccination and primary infection: A case report and systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Kasmikha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/SEMB.2022.63139","article-title":"Development of vitiligo after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"56","author":"Kara","year":"2022","journal-title":"SiSli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul Med Bull Sisli Hosp"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15434","article-title":"Vitiligo worsened following the second dose of mRNA SARS-CoV -2 vaccine","volume":"35","author":"Caroppo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18513","article-title":"New-onset vitiligo after COVID -19 mRNA vaccination: A causal association","author":"Nicolaidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.05.017","article-title":"Risk of autoimmune skin and connective tissue disorders after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"89","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.107","article-title":"Immunogenic cell death in cancer and infectious disease","volume":"17","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.07.018","article-title":"Targeting innate immune pathways for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"56","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63151-3","article-title":"Collapse and restoration of MHC class-I-dependent immune privilege","volume":"164","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007811","article-title":"CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo","volume":"6","author":"Rashighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00484-3","article-title":"Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.06.044","article-title":"Pigmentary changes in patients treated with targeted anticancer agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.986918","article-title":"Advances in vitiligo: Update on therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadf1329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf1329","article-title":"Combined JAK inhibition and PD-1 immunotherapy for non\u2013small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"384","author":"Mathew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade8520","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade8520","article-title":"JAK inhibition enhances checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in patients with hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"384","author":"Zak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1625738\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T05:27:58Z","timestamp":1754630878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1625738\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1625738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1625738","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"article-number":"1625738"}}