{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1779216122263,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraines are among the most common neurological disorders, disabling nearly one in seven people worldwide, whereas glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumour, with median survival scarcely beyond 15 months. Historically considered distinct, these conditions are increasingly linked by trigeminal nerve-driven neurogenic inflammation. Activation of trigeminovascular afferents provokes antidromic release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP); beyond mediating migraine pain, these peptides remodel vasculature, immune infiltrates, and extracellular matrix to facilitate GBM invasion. Pre-clinical studies show CGRP and SP up-regulate matrix-metalloproteinases and integrins, while PACAP modulates cAMP\u2013MAPK signalling, collectively promoting perivascular migration and temozolomide resistance. Epidemiological analyses report higher migraine antecedents in patients later diagnosed with brain tumours, and high-resolution MRI frequently localises GBM spread along trigeminal pathways, underscoring anatomical plausibility. Emerging therapeutics mirror these insights: aprepitant (an NK1-receptor antagonist) triggers GBM apoptosis, gepant-class CGRP blockers curb invasive phenotypes, and radiolabelled SP analogues deliver focal alpha-therapy. These discoveries facilitate more precise pathogenetic characterisation, reduce diagnostic uncertainty, and expedite translational drug development. This review synthesises current evidence on trigeminal neurogenic inflammation as a mechanistic conduit between migraine biology and GBM progression, mapping cellular circuits, molecular crosstalk, and translational interventions. By integrating neurobiology, oncology, and pharmacology, we aim to delineate diagnostic blind spots, spotlight drug-repurposing opportunities, and chart a roadmap toward personalised strategies that simultaneously alleviate migraine burden and restrain glioblastoma aggressiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:35:51Z","timestamp":1752644151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trigeminal nerve-driven neurogenic inflammation linking migraine to glioblastoma invasion: a literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14251","article-title":"Cancer risk in patients with migraine: a population-based cohort study in Denmark","volume":"62","author":"Elser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache: J Head Face Pain"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20584601221131480","DOI":"10.1177\/20584601221131480","article-title":"Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype with leptomeningeal metastasis to Meckel\u2019s cave: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Murata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Radiologica Open"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70013","article-title":"Identification of hypoxic macrophages in glioblastoma: Unveiling therapeutic insights from tumour microenvironment analysis","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Trans Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01464-5","article-title":"The two-sided battlefield of tumour-associated macrophages in glioblastoma: unravelling their therapeutic potential","volume":"15","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discover Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000004608","article-title":"Locoregional treatment of glioblastoma with targeted \u03b1 Therapy:[: 213: bi] bi-DOTA\u2013substance P versus [: 225: ac] ac-DOTA\u2013substance P\u2014Analysis of influence parameters","volume":"48","author":"Kr\u00f3licki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-5154","article-title":"Interfering with CALCRL expression inhibits glioma proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and predicts prognosis in low-grade gliomas","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Trans Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08634-7","article-title":"Brain-wide neuronal circuit connectome of human glioblastoma","volume":"641","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06036-1","article-title":"Glioblastoma remodelling of human neural circuits decreases survival","volume":"617","author":"Krishna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02431-4","article-title":"Integrating multi-omics data to identify the role of Aggrephagy-related genes in tumor microenvironment and key tumorigenesis factors of GB from the perspective of single-cell sequencing","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2014225\/v1","article-title":"Fremanezumab improved migraine and headache attributed to glioblastoma-case report","author":"Kawamura","year":"2022"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314577","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody to PACAP for migraine prevention","volume":"391","author":"Ashina","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03224-y","article-title":"High-throughput identification of repurposable neuroactive drugs with potent anti-glioblastoma activity","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02022-2","article-title":"PACAP38-induced migraine attacks are independent of CGRP signaling: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Al-Karagholi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060700","article-title":"A novel classification model for lower-grade glioma patients based on pyroptosis-related genes","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01710-1","article-title":"Mechanosensitive receptors in migraine: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Della Pietra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06678-1","article-title":"Glioma synapses recruit mechanisms of adaptive plasticity","volume":"623","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49824-7","article-title":"The neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide shapes an immunosuppressive microenvironment in medullary thyroid cancer","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08579-3","article-title":"GABAergic neuron-to-glioma synapses in diffuse midline gliomas0","volume":"639","author":"Barron","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8540403","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8540403","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of aprepitant in glioblastoma cancer cells through redox modification","volume":"2022","author":"Rezaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1090040","article-title":"Identification and validation of neurotrophic factor-related gene signatures in glioblastoma and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05350-y","article-title":"Dose escalation study of targeted alpha therapy with [225 Ac] Ac-DOTA-substance P in recurrence glioblastoma\u2013safety and efficacy","volume":"48","author":"Kr\u00f3licki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105202","article-title":"Brain intratumoural astatine-211 radiotherapy targeting syndecan-1 leads to durable glioblastoma remission and immune memory in female mice","volume":"105","author":"Roncali","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6291504","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6291504","article-title":"The neurokinin-1 receptor is essential for the viability of human glioma cells: A possible target for treating glioblastoma","volume":"2022","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66105-x","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and glioblastoma survival prediction using machine learning on digital pathological images","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-024-01164-9","article-title":"Prospective phase II trial of [68Ga] Ga-NOTA-AE105 uPAR-PET\/MRI in patients with primary gliomas: Prognostic value and Implications for uPAR-targeted Radionuclide Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Azam","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1272546","article-title":"A literature review: mechanisms of antitumor pharmacological action of leonurine alkaloid","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.03.013","article-title":"Identification of hypoxic macrophages in glioblastoma with therapeutic potential for vasculature normalization","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03331024241254088","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024241254088","article-title":"Sex differences in CGRP-induced vasodilation of human middle meningeal arteries but not human coronary arteries: implications for migraine","volume":"44","author":"de Vries","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65398-2","article-title":"Temozolomide promotes matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression through p38 MAPK and JNK pathways in glioblastoma cells","volume":"14","author":"Thanh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0449","article-title":"Analysis of the expression and prognostic value of MT1-MMP, \u03b21-integrin and YAP1 in glioma","volume":"17","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00109-6","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeted therapy in migraine: current role and future perspectives","volume":"405","author":"Versijpt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13688","article-title":"Upadacitinib: Mechanism of action, clinical, and translational science","volume":"17","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Trans Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07228-x","article-title":"Amantadine against glioma via ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy arrest","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00059.2021","article-title":"CGRP physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic targets: migraine and beyond","volume":"103","author":"Russo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14521","article-title":"Priority acute and preventive migraine treatment benefits: Results of the Migraine Clinical Outcome Assessment System (MiCOAS) qualitative study of people living with migraine","volume":"63","author":"Mangrum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Headache: J Head Face Pain"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.11.002","article-title":"Characterizing and targeting glioblastoma neuron-tumor networks with retrograde tracing","volume":"188","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17448069231181358","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069231181358","article-title":"Roles of mast cells and their interactions with the trigeminal nerve in migraine headache","volume":"19","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-01959-8","article-title":"Revisiting substance P in migraine: a methodological approach inspired by anti-CGRP and anti-PACAP success","volume":"26","author":"Pellesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01769-4","article-title":"Untangling the mess of CGRP levels as a migraine biomarker: an in-depth literature review and analysis of our experimental experience","volume":"25","author":"G\u00e1rate","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01656-4","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide causes migraine aura","volume":"24","author":"Al-Khazali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vdac147","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac147","article-title":"Targeting extracellular matrix remodeling sensitizes glioblastoma to ionizing radiation","volume":"4","author":"Thakur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-oncol Adv"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10716","article-title":"Advances in bioengineered CAR T\/NK cell therapy for glioblastoma: Overcoming immunosuppression and nanotechnology-based strategies for enhanced CAR T\/NK cell therapy","volume":"10","author":"Dana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering Trans Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbii.2025.100119","article-title":"Neuro-immune-cancer interactions: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications for tumor modulation","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Integr"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01721-6","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies compared to OnabotulinumtoxinA (RAMO) in chronic migraine: a retrospective, observational, multicenter, cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Grazzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00920-x","article-title":"Exploring tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma: from diversity to therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.03.004","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic profiling of intra-tumor heterogeneity using a large organoid biobank of liver cancer","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01877-1","article-title":"Characteristics of locus coeruleus functional connectivity network in patients with comorbid migraine and insomnia","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae125","article-title":"Targeted radionuclide therapy for gliomas: emerging clinical trial landscape","volume":"26","author":"Weller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03647-6","article-title":"miR-1297 sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ) treatment through targeting adrenomedullin (ADM)","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2022.101056","article-title":"Malignant mimics of trigeminal schwannoma","volume":"8","author":"Raswoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.017","article-title":"Complex neural-immune interactions shape glioma immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.02.002","article-title":"Sensory nerve release of CGRP increases tumor growth in HNSCC by suppressing TILs","volume":"5","author":"Darragh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.106081","article-title":"Current landscape and future directions of targeted-alpha-therapy for glioblastoma treatment","volume":"15","author":"Roncali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03407-3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal modeling reveals high-resolution invasion states in glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Manoharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-024-01071-y","article-title":"Targeted alpha therapy for glioblastoma: review on in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Sabri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Targeted Oncol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48116-2","article-title":"Single-cell analysis reveals diversity of tumor-associated macrophages and their interactions with T lymphocytes in glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Batchu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-023-00431-7","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophage-related strategies for glioma immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA07005G","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase profiling and their roles in disease","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0944-1","article-title":"Association of migraines with brain tumors: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J headache Pain"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0501-0","article-title":"Headache, migraine and risk of brain tumors in women: prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Kurth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J headache Pain"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-03015-9","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms in glioma patients throughout the disease trajectory: a systematic review","volume":"140","author":"IJzerman-Korevaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J neuro-oncol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrnm.2017.07.008","article-title":"Intracranial neoplastic lesions of the trigeminal nerve: How MRI can help","volume":"48","author":"Donia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egyptian J Radiol Nucl Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.08.015","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors as oncogenic signals in glioma: emerging therapeutic avenues","volume":"278","author":"Cherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16717","article-title":"Coded aperture and Compton imaging for the development of 225Ac-based radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"50","author":"Frame","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"B65","article-title":"225Ac-and 213Bi-substance P analogues for glioma therapy[C]\/\/Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":"50","author":"Kr\u00f3licki","year":"2020","journal-title":"WB Saunders"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.013","article-title":"Differential consequences of neurokinin receptor 1 and 2 antagonists in metastatic breast carcinoma cells; Effects independent of Substance P","volume":"108","author":"Nizam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00025-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of atogepant for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine in adults for whom conventional oral preventive treatments have failed (ELEVATE): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial","volume":"23","author":"Tassorelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99873-4.00023-2","article-title":"Radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging and theranostics of glioblastoma","volume":"50","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Insights Into Glioblastoma"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vdab154","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdab154","article-title":"Primary glioblastoma of the cauda equina with molecular and histopathological characterization: case report","volume":"3","author":"Langston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Adv"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2020.1837732","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme with oculomotor nerve involvement: case report and literature review","volume":"37","author":"Marchesini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02336-4","article-title":"Cancer-nervous system crosstalk: from biological mechanism to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06790-8","article-title":"Humanin activates integrin \u03b1V\u2013TGF\u03b2 axis and leads to glioblastoma progression","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae162","article-title":"Design and conduct of theranostic trials in neuro-oncology: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"26","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70097","article-title":"Neural influences on tumor progression within the central nervous system","volume":"30","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-24-0164","article-title":"Clotting promotes glioma growth and infiltration through activation of focal adhesion kinase","volume":"4","author":"Knowles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.03.010","article-title":"miR-124-mediated temozolomide sensitivity and DNA repair modulation in Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"573","author":"Golchin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.11.012","article-title":"Daily glucocorticoids promote glioblastoma growth and circadian synchrony to the host","volume":"43","author":"Gonzalez-Aponte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03138-9","article-title":"Targeting axonal guidance dependencies in glioblastoma with ROBO1 CAR T cells","volume":"30","author":"Chokshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08591-1","article-title":"Nociceptive neurons promote gastric tumour progression via a CGRP\u2013RAMP1 axis","volume":"4","author":"Zhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI175616","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic CGRP signaling governs pain via cerebrospinal fluid efflux and neuroinflammation in migraine models","volume":"134","author":"Nelson-Maney","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.08.012","article-title":"Meningeal brain borders and migraine headache genesis","volume":"43","author":"Christensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632154\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1752644152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632154\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"article-number":"1632154"}}