{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:02:15Z","timestamp":1791464535361,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cr(VI) is a heavy metal contaminant, can diffuse to ecosystems and harm aquatic animals. Gills, as a vital organ in direct contact with the aquatic environment, have become a key target tissue for assessing the toxicological effects of heavy metal pollution of water bodies due to their sensitivity to heavy metal exposure. However, 3the effects of Cr(VI) on the gill tissues in fish have been less studied. In this study, we revealed the multiple effects of chromium toxicity by assessing the oxidative damage, transcriptomic and metabolomic changes of Cr(VI) on gill tissues of <jats:italic>Thymallus grubii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 270 fishes were stratified into three experimental groups: control group, low-concentration exposure group (0.2 mg\/L), and high-concentration exposure group (1 mg\/L). In this study, we revealed the multiple effects of chromium toxicity by assessing the oxidative damage, transcriptomic and metabolomic changes of Cr(VI) on gill tissues of <jats:italic>Thymallus grubii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cr(VI) stress can lead to gill damage with significant reduction in gill filament thickness, significant thinning of gill lamellae, and congestion of epithelial blood vessels. Cr(VI) stress significant increases in H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and MDA levels and significant decreases in antioxidant enzyme activity levels (SOD, GSH-Px, and T-AOC) and energy metabolism-related ATPase activity levels (Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase, and Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase). Cr(VI) stress induced disturbances in gill arachidonic acid metabolism leading to the release of pro-inflammatory metabolites (e.g., thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin J2) accompanied by the accumulation of oxidised glutathione. However, the synthesis of metabolites with anti-inflammatory\/antioxidant functions (e.g. GABA, quinidine and l-artitic acid) was reduced. Transcriptomics and metabolomic coanalyses revealed that Cr(VI) induced <jats:italic>PPAR-\u03b3<\/jats:italic> inactivation to deregulate <jats:italic>COX-2<\/jats:italic>, which disrupted arachidonic acid metabolic pathways, leading to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and release of inflammatory factors. Disorders of arachidonic acid metabolism led to the release of proinflammatory metabolites (such as thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin J2), and decreased levels of reduced glutathione.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of Cr(VI) exposure on gill gene expression and metabolism were analysed using RT-PCR, transcriptomic, and metabolomic approaches. In summary, we better understand the toxic effects of Cr(VI) on gill tissues of aquatic animals. Targeted activation of <jats:italic>PPAR-\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and supplementation with anti-inflammatory metabolites such as GABA, quinidine and l- artitic acid may be potential intervention strategies to reverse Cr(VI) toxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T14:54:07Z","timestamp":1752072847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chronic hexavalent chromium exposure induces oxidative stress-mediated molecular cascades in Thymallus grubii gills: evidence from integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinchi","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiqi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809270-5.00015-7","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution and remediation","author":"RoyChowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.04.054","article-title":"A review of chemical, electrochemical and biological methods for aqueous Cr (VI) reduction","volume":"223","author":"Barrera-D\u00edaz","year":"2012","journal-title":". J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138804","article-title":"Biogeochemical behaviour and toxicology of chromium in the soil-water-human nexus: A review","volume":"331","author":"Mortada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700198a","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium","volume":"21","author":"Salnikow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es001073l","article-title":"Behavior of hexavalent chromium in a polluted groundwater: redox processes and immobilization in soils","volume":"35","author":"Loyaux-Lawniczak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054584","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling in damage response, metabolism, and disease","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2007.01.009","article-title":"Macromolecule oxidation and DNA repair in mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) gill following exposure to Cd and Cr (VI)","volume":"82","author":"Emmanouil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20478","article-title":"Apoptotic-related protein changes induced by hexavalent chromium in mice liver","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.04.026","article-title":"Comparative toxicogenomic analysis of oral Cr (VI) exposure effects in rat and mouse small intestinal epithelia","volume":"262","author":"Kopec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharm"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200251t","article-title":"Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks","volume":"24","author":"Zhitkovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.01.053","article-title":"DNA damage and oxidative stress in human B lymphoblastoid cells after combined exposure to hexavalent chromium and nickel compounds","volume":"55","author":"Lou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117554","article-title":"The contributions of miR-25-3p, oxidative stress, and heat shock protein in a complex mechanism of autophagy caused by pollutant cadmium in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) hepatopancreas","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ pollut"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.008","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms underlying mercury-induced oxidative stress in gills of wild fish (Liza aurata) combining 1H NMR metabolomics and conventional biochemical assays","volume":"548","author":"Cappello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enmm.2015.06.001","article-title":"Assessing the exposure to nanosilver and silver nitrate on fathead minnow gill gene expression and mucus production","volume":"4","author":"Garcia-Reyero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ nanotechnology Monit management."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1454-z","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper nigrum: tissue-specific bioaccumulation, histopathology, and oxidative stress responses in Indian major carp Labeo rohita","volume":"25","author":"Shobana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci pollut R"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2020.108706","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis and histopathological observations of Geloina erosa gills upon Cr (VI) exposure","volume":"231","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Phys C."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125759","article-title":"Chronic Cr (VI) exposure-induced biotoxicity involved in liver microbiota-gut axis disruption in Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowski based on multi-omics technologies","volume":"368","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ pollut"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9070272","article-title":"The effects of water flow speed on swimming capacity and energy metabolism in adult amur grayling (Thymallus grubii)","volume":"9","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fishes."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2021.103725","article-title":"Toxic effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) on bioaccumulation, apoptosis, oxidative damage and inflammatory response in Channa asiatica","volume":"87","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Phar."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2025.104240","article-title":"Astaxanthin ameliorates Cr (VI) accumulation, antioxidant, digestive, apoptosis and inflammatory response","volume":"87","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg Stud Mar Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164395","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of hexavalent chromium in fish: An updated review","volume":"890","author":"Kamila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113890","article-title":"Transcriptomics reveals the mechanism of selenium-enriched Lactobacillus plantarum alleviating brain oxidative stress under cadmium stress in Luciobarbus capito","volume":"242","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotox Environ Safe."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/8587410","article-title":"Effects of dietary fish\u00a0oil\u00a0levels\u00a0on growth performance, lipid metabolism, hepatic health, nonspecific\u00a0immune response, and intestinal microbial community of juvenile amur grayling (Thymallus grubii)","volume":"2024","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquacult Nutr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT\u2013PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2024.107472","article-title":"A systematic review on assessment of heavy metals toxicity in freshwater fish species: current scenario and remedial approaches","volume":"107472","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Geochem Explor"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115394","article-title":"Physiological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular responses of glandless cotton to hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) exposure","volume":"266","author":"Samrana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ pollut"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2024.103559","article-title":"Long-term exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to Cr (VI): reproductive toxicity and neurotoxicity","volume":"74","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg Stud Mar Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124280","article-title":"Exploring Cr (VI)-induced blood-brain barrier injury and neurotoxicity in zebrafish and snakehead fish, and inhibiting toxic effects of astaxanthin","volume":"355","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ pollut"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00044","article-title":"Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain\u2013gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders","volume":"9","author":"Breit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2023.106570","article-title":"Cadmium induced time-dependent kidney injury in common carp via mitochondrial pathway: Impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism and mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis","volume":"261","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2006.02.003","article-title":"Response of catalase activity to Ag+, Cd2+, Cr6+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in five tissues of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"143","author":"Atli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Phys C."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70236-1","article-title":"Thromboxane inhibitors attenuate pathological changes in alcoholic liver disease in the rat","volume":"112","author":"Nanji","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127226","article-title":"Regulation of COX-2 expression by selected trace elements and heavy metals: Health implications, and changes in neuronal plasticity","volume":"79","author":"Stachowicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"A review. J Trace Elem Med Bio."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12987","article-title":"Prostaglandin J2: A potential target for halting inflammation-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"1363","author":"Figueiredo-Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Ny Acad Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149803","article-title":"Integration of omics analysis and atmospheric pressure MALDI mass spectrometry imaging reveals the cadmium toxicity on female ICR mouse","volume":"801","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03343-6","article-title":"Rat hair metabolomics analysis reveals perturbations of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, phenylalanine, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways are associated with amyloid-\u03b2-induced cognitive deficits","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2020.1869688","article-title":"Microbial production of gamma-aminobutyric acid: applications, state-of-the-art achievements, and future perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biotechnol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.005","article-title":"5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene D4 increase intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability","volume":"45","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114871","article-title":"Tissue accumulation of polystyrene microplastics causes oxidative stress, hepatopancreatic injury and metabolome alterations in Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"256","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotox Environ Safe."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.03.003","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid improves oxidative stress and function of the thyroid in high-fat diet fed mice","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116132","article-title":"Inhibition of CISD1 attenuates cisplatin-induced hearing loss in mice via the PI3K and MAPK pathways","volume":"223","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022808224917","article-title":"Effect of isoproterenol on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes of myocardial tissue of mice and protection by quinidine","volume":"245","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-144","article-title":"Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria","volume":"10","author":"Achan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740294","article-title":"Evaluation of the dietary L-valine on fish growth and intestinal health after infection with Aeromonas veronii","volume":"580","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/26.1.209","article-title":"Structure and function of the chloride cell of Fundulus heteroclitus and other teleosts","volume":"26","author":"Karnaky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Zool"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-03005-5","article-title":"Exposure of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to lead and zinc modulates membrane-bound transport protein: A plausible effect on Na+\/K+-ATPase activity","volume":"200","author":"Apiamu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.07.029","article-title":"Effects of heavy metals on antioxidants and expression of HSP70 in different tissues of Milk fish (Chanos chanos) of Kaattuppalli Island, Chennai, India","volume":"98","author":"Rajeshkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotox Environ Safe."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.10.025","article-title":"Copper-induced tight junction mRNA expression changes, apoptosis and antioxidant responses via NF-\u03baB, TOR and Nrf2 signaling molecules in the gills of fish: preventive role of arginine","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2007.03.004","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3: therapeutic target for ischemic stroke","volume":"28","author":"Culman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.244","article-title":"Klotho is a target gene of PPAR-\u03b3","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2349","article-title":"A role for central nervous system PPAR-\u03b3 in the regulation of energy balance","volume":"17","author":"Ryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2008.02.010","article-title":"Acute toxicity impacts of hexavalent chromium on behavior and histopathology of gill, kidney and liver of the freshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)","volume":"26","author":"Mishra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Phar."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S46433","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of \u03b1-asarone against hexavalent chromium-induced oxidative damage in mice","author":"Alwaili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.06.003","article-title":"The antagonistic effect of selenium on cadmium-induced apoptosis via PPAR-\u03b3\/PI3K\/Akt pathway in chicken pancreas","volume":"357","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01444.x","article-title":"Inhibition of COX-2 expression by endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol is mediated via PPAR-\u03b3","volume":"163","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brit J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.02.024","article-title":"Possible role of PPAR-\u03b3 and COX-2 receptor modulators in the treatment of Non-Small Cell lung carcinoma","volume":"124","author":"Ammu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8836","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.63396","article-title":"Role of prostaglandin E2 in tissue repair and regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/541204","article-title":"Cinchonine prevents high-fat-diet-induced obesity through downregulation of adipogenesis and adipose inflammation","volume":"2012","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"PPAR Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.855369","article-title":"A new insight into the underlying adaptive strategies of euryhaline marine fish to low salinity environment: through cholesterol nutrition to regulate physiological responses","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.08.029","article-title":"Induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression by IPNV in persistent infection","volume":"41","author":"Reyes-Cerpa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immun"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.03.001","article-title":"Cadmium-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression and release from astrocytes are mediated by MAPK and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"60","author":"Phuagkhaopong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c04874","article-title":"High gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) oolong tea alleviates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice","volume":"8","author":"Weerawatanakorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS omega."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692659","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633174\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T14:48:55Z","timestamp":1756997335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633174\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633174","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692659","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"article-number":"1633174"}}